Structural Holes and Good Ideas
American Journal of Sociology, 2004 · paper · Sociology
Argues that brokers spanning gaps between groups are more familiar with alternative ideas, and tests this among managers in a large electronics company. Brokers received higher pay, better evaluations and promotions, and their ideas were more often voiced and judged valuable.
Checked: PDF from snap.stanford.edu, fetched 5 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.
6 findings
Substance Footnote 8 says person 3's constraint "would drop to 40.2 from the 70.8 reported in fig. 1 (.402 = [.25 + 0]^2 + [.25 + .084]^2 + [.25 + .091]^2 + [.25 + .084]^2)". But fig. 1 itself prints "person 3: .402 = [.25+0]^2 + [.25+.084]^2 + [.25+.091]^2 + [.25+.084]^2", and no 70.8 appears anywhere in the figure.
- p. 16 Footnote 8
drop to 40.2 from the 70.8 reported in fig. 1
- p. 5 Figure 1 inset, Network Constraint computations
person 3: .402 = [.25+0]2 + [.25+.084]2 + [.25+.091]2 + [.25+.084]2
- p. 16 Footnote 8
would drop to 40.2 from the 70.8 reported in fig. 1
- p. 5 Fig. 1 constraint computations
person 3: 402 = [.25+0]2 + [.25+.084]2 + [.25+.091]2 + [.25+.084]2
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: In the upright p. 5 image, the fig. 1 inset gives .402 for person 3, using exactly the terms that footnote 8 (p. 16) gives for the lower 'broader structure' value. The footnote, however, says fig. 1 reports 70.8. The footnote's own inputs (p_ij = 1/4, indirect proportion .165 for three contacts) give about .58 before any normalisation, so 70.8 cannot be reproduced from the printed numbers either. Either the figure shows the wrong computation or the footnote misdescribes the figure; only the authors can say which.
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Substance Footnote 4 says "58% of promoted people responded vs. 46% respondent rate among people not promoted". Both rates are below the overall response rate of 455 of 673 (68%), so they cannot both be response rates in that population.
- p. 13 Footnote 4
58% of promoted people responded vs. 46% respondent rate among people not promoted
- p. 13 Network Data
455 completed the network questions (68%)
- p. 13 Footnote 4
58% of promoted
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: The p. 13 text gives 455 of 673 completing the network questions (68%). Footnote 4 compares the 455 respondents with the 218 nonrespondents among the same 673 managers, then gives zero-order response rates of 58% (promoted) and 46% (not promoted). An overall rate must lie between the two subgroup rates. I found no other denominator or definition in the paper that explains this. Only the authors can say which figures are right.
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Substance Under Ideas Discussed (p. 385), the shares for never discussing their idea (31%), ambiguous discussion partner (7%) and "named a specific person with whom they had discussed their idea (67%)" add to 105%.
- p. 38 Ideas Discussed, para 1
The majority named a specific person with whom they had discussed their idea (67%)
- p. 38 Ideas Discussed, first paragraph
never discussing their idea (31%)
- p. 38 Ideas Discussed, first paragraph
a specific person with whom they had discussed their idea (67%)
- p. 38 Ideas Discussed, paragraph 1
named a specific person with whom they had discussed their idea (67%)
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Checked on the image of p. 38. The three categories are presented as exclusive. The 14% who named two or more partners is a subset of the named group. I found nothing in the text giving a different base for any of the three percentages. On p. 39, 27% of discussed and 42% of undiscussed ideas were dismissed, against 32% overall (p. 37). That fits about 31% undiscussed, which suggests the 67% is the figure in error, but only the authors can say which value is right.
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Reference or label The Discussion (p. 393) cites "(81% density on average, fig. 2)", but the 81.0 in Fig. 2 is the column "Mean Network Constraint Cited Discussn. Partners", not a density.
- p. 46 para 2
(81% density on average, fig. 2)
- p. 20 para 1
The average across ranks is a near-maximum 81.0
- p. 17 Figure 2 table, column header
Mean Network Constraint Cited Discussn. Partners
- p. 17 Fig. 2 table, column 'Mean Network Constraint Cited Discussn. Partners', Mean row
81.0
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Checked the upright Fig. 2 table on p. 17: its Mean row shows 81.0 under mean network constraint among cited partners, and the figure has no density column. The text on p. 20 describes 81.0 as mean network constraint and gives the density-type figures separately: 52% 'often' and 80% at least 'sometimes'. The label and unit attached to the Fig. 2 value on p. 46 therefore do not match the figure. Only the authors can say whether they meant constraint 81.0 or the 80% figure.
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Reference or label "Morrison, Elizabeth Wolfe, and Frances J. Milliken. 2002. ... Academy of Management Review 25:706–25" (also cited in the text as "Morrison and Milliken [2002]"): the year does not fit volume 25.
- p. 50 References
Morrison, Elizabeth Wolfe, and Frances J. Milliken. 2002.
- p. 43 Structural Reproduction
Morrison and Milliken [2002]
- p. 43 Structural Reproduction
see Morrison and Milliken [2002] on organizational silence
- p. 50 References
Morrison, Elizabeth Wolfe, and Frances J. Milliken. 2002. ... Academy of Management Review 25:706–25.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: AMR volume 25 is the 2000 volume, and the article was published in 2000. The reference list itself gives Nahapiet and Ghoshal 1998 as AMR 23, which also puts vol. 25 in 2000. The crop of p. 50 shows 2002 / 25:706–25.
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Reference or label The author's name is printed "Giuffe, Katherine A. 1999." in the reference list and "Giuffe (1999)" in the text.
- p. 49
Giuffe, Katherine A. 1999.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the author of 'Sandpiles of Opportunity' (Social Forces 1999) is Katherine A. Giuffre. The crop of p. 49 shows 'Giuffe', and the in-text citation (text layer, line 100) uses the same spelling.
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18 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Reference or label "Pollock, Timothy G., Joseph F. Porac, James B. Wade. 2003. ... Academy of Management Review 29:50–72": the year does not fit volume 29, and 'and' is missing before the last author.
- p. 51 References
Pollock, Timothy G., Joseph F. Porac, James B. Wade. 2003.
- p. 12 top paragraph
Pollock, Porac, and Wade [2003]
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: AMR volume 29 is the 2004 volume. The paper's own Nahapiet and Ghoshal entry (1998 = vol. 23) is consistent with that mapping. The crop of p. 51 also shows that 'and' is missing before 'James B. Wade', unlike the other multi-author entries. The paper may have been cited as 2003 while in press.
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Reference or label The Kish and Frankel (1974) reference reads "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 36:1–37".
- p. 49 References
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 36:1–37
- p. 51 References, Pollock
Academy of Management Review 29:50–72
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: 'Inference from Complex Samples' (1974, vol. 36, pp. 1–37) appeared in JRSS Series B. The crop of p. 49 shows 'Series A'. The year and volume problems with Morrison and Milliken and with Pollock et al., also raised in this cluster, are handled under C028 and C029.
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Wording Footnote 7 cites "the −5.0 t-test reported in table 4 for association between idea value and the log of network constraint". Table 4 model 5 prints −.694** (.144) for that term, and the coefficient/SE ratio is about −4.8. The two numbers do not correspond.
- p. 15 Footnote 7
the −5.0 t-test reported in table 4 for association between
- p. 16 Footnote 7 (continued)
the −5.0 t-test reported in table 4 for association between idea value and the log of network constraint is −4.1
- p. 34 Table 4, model 5, Network constraint
−.694** (.144)
- p. 15 Footnote 7
the 5.0 t-test
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I checked the p. 15–16 images: footnote 7 quotes −5.0 twice and attributes it to table 4. Table 4 (p. 34) prints no t-statistics. For model 5, network constraint, .694/.144 = 4.82. Even the most favourable rounding of the printed values (.6945/.1435 ≈ 4.84) does not reach 5.0. Footnote 13 gives 4.3 for the model with broker dummies, a different specification. The authors should say where the −5.0 comes from.
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Wording The fig. 2 table row "Mean (673) 29% 5.0 60.5 2.9 81.0" gives network size and constraint means that do not follow from the N-weighted rank rows (4.8 and 63.0). The isolate and citation columns do follow.
- p. 17 Figure 2 table, Mean (673) row
Mean (673) 29% 5.0 60.5 2.9 81.0
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I read the rank values from the upright p. 17 image. Weighting the rank rows by N (25, 41, 121, 199, 287) reproduces 29% isolates and 2.9 citations, but gives mean size 4.80 and constraint 63.0. Weighting by non-isolates gives constraint about 60.4 but size about 5.2. No single basis reproduces both printed means, and the paper does not state what basis the mean row uses.
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Wording Footnote 9 defines "C = a(e^{bN}), where N is the number of contacts" but then calls the intercept a = 48.7 "the baseline 48.7 level of constraint for five-contact networks". As written, a is the value at N = 0.
- p. 20 Footnote 9
the 20-point difference between the baseline 48.7 level of constraint for five-contact networks vs. the mean 68.4 constraint
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I checked the p. 20 image. With N uncentred, C = a at N = 0, and at N = 5 the equation gives 48.7·e^(−.375) ≈ 33.5. The reading as a five-contact level holds only if N is centred at 5, which the definition does not say. A value of 48.7 at N = 0 would also be implausible for constraint, which supports centring. This is an unresolved ambiguity in the stated equation.
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Wording In Table 1, model 3, Urban 2 is printed "−.564 (.238)" with no star, although the ratio is 2.37. The text says evaluations "did not vary systematically with any of the control variables except age". The unstarred cell and the ratio do not correspond under the declared *P < .05 convention.
- p. 24 Table 1, model 3, Urban 2
−.564 (.238)
- p. 27 Job Evaluations, model 3 discussion
Performance evalu-ations did not vary systematically with any of the control variables except age
- p. 27 same paragraph
age and network constraint are the only statistically significant predictors
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I checked the p. 24 table and the p. 27 text. In the ordinal logit, .564/.238 = 2.37 > 1.96, yet the cell has no star. The other stars in model 3 fit their ratios (age 6.5**, constraint 3.5**). The table note names no other test. Either a star is missing or the text claim needs qualifying.
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Wording In Table 1, model 2, Urban 1 is printed "3,947** (1,456)" (ratio 2.71) and Urban 2 "5,585* (1,427)" (ratio 3.91). Under the table's key (* P < .05, ** P < .001) the markers do not correspond and look swapped.
- p. 24 Table 1, model 2, Urban 1
3,947** (1,456)
- p. 24 Table 1, model 2, Urban 2
5,585* (1,427)
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I checked the p. 24 image. Every other cell in models 1–2 fits its coefficient/SE ratio: Hightech 2.65*, Lowtech 2.78*, Mgr3×constraint 2.69*, SrMgr×constraint 2.57*, Executive×constraint 5.28**, and model 1 Urban 1 3.45**. Urban 1 at 2.71 does not reach P < .001, while Urban 2 at 3.91 does. The table note declares no other procedure.
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Typo The author's name is printed as "John Stuart Mills’s" on p. 3 and "Mills and Fourtou" on p. 9, and the reference entry reads "Mills, John Stuart. (1848) 1987. Principles of Political Economy". The author is John Stuart Mill.
- p. 3 para 2
John Stuart Mills’s
- p. 50 References
Mills, John Stuart. (1848) 1987. Principles of Political Economy.
- p. 9 Evidence Anecdotal and Aggregate
the quotes from Mills and Fourtou
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the author of Principles of Political Economy (1848) is John Stuart Mill. The page images show 'Mills' in the p. 3 text, in the p. 50 reference entry and on p. 9, so the spelling is the same throughout the paper.
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Typo Footnote 2 cites "Giuffe (1999)" and the reference list has "Giuffe, Katherine A. 1999. “Sandpiles of Opportunity…” Social Forces 77:815–32". The author's surname is Giuffre.
- p. 3 Footnote 2
Giuffe (1999) on the greater attention
- p. 49 References
Giuffe, Katherine A. 1999. “Sandpiles of Opportunity
- p. 49 References
Giuffe, Katherine A. 1999.
- p. 51 References
Sediatis, Judith. 1998.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the author of 'Sandpiles of Opportunity' (Social Forces 1999) is Katherine A. Giuffre. The images of footnote 2 (p. 3) and the p. 49 reference entry both show 'Giuffe'. One reviewer also raised the Sedaitis and Mill spellings; those are judged under C004 and C001.
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Typo Footnote 3 reads "I have two reasons: data and traction. It would be difficult…" and the next reason opens "Second, …"; the first reason has no matching 'First,'.
- p. 8
I have two reasons: data and traction. It would be difficult
Judge's note: The footnote 3 image confirms the wording. The colon list does introduce both reasons, so this is only a small parallelism point in copyediting.
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Typo The text cites "cf. Sediatis [1998, esp. pp. 373–74]" and the reference list has "Sediatis, Judith. 1998. … Organization Science 9:368–81". The author's surname is Sedaitis.
- p. 9 Evidence Anecdotal and Aggregate
cf. Sediatis [1998, esp. pp. 373–74]
- p. 51 References
Sediatis, Judith. 1998.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the author of the 1998 Organization Science article on post-Soviet spin-offs is Judith Sedaitis. The p. 9 and p. 51 images both show 'Sediatis'.
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Typo On p. 21 the text reads "Shorter paths to more senior people is to be expected": a plural subject with a singular verb.
- p. 21 first paragraph
Shorter paths to more senior people is to be expected
Judge's note: The p. 21 image confirms the wording. Notional agreement ('[that there are] shorter paths…') makes it defensible, so this is a cosmetic point only.
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Typo Footnote 13 (p. 375) reads "the intuitive appealing distinction between local and enterprise brokers"; this should be "intuitively appealing".
- p. 28 Footnote 13
the intuitive appealing distinction between local and enterprise brokers
- p. 28 footnote 13, last sentence
the intuitive appealing distinction between local and
Judge's note: Checked on the crop of PDF p. 28. The page image shows "intuitive appealing". Adjective used where an adverb is needed.
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Typo Footnote 16 (p. 383) reads "then ratings should increases with job rank"; this should be "should increase".
- p. 36 Footnote 16 (continued)
then ratings should increases with job rank
Judge's note: Checked on the crop of PDF p. 36. The page image shows "should increases".
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Typo Footnote 19 (p. 386) reads "for tying to mobilize support for their idea"; this should be "trying".
- p. 39 Footnote 19 (continued)
for tying to mobilize support for their idea
- p. 39 footnote 19
for tying to mobilize support for their
Judge's note: The image of p. 39 shows "tying".
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Typo Footnote 19 (p. 386) reads "discussion with multiple colleague"; this should be "colleagues".
- p. 39 Footnote 19 (continued)
discussion with multiple colleague
Judge's note: The image of p. 39 shows the singular "colleague".
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Typo The summary conclusion (p. 393) reads "in the organization studies here"; this should be "studied here".
- p. 47 Summary conclusion paragraph
in the organization studies here
Judge's note: The crop of p. 47 shows "studies here".
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Typo The Birner 1999 reference gives the publisher location as "Northhampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar."
- p. 47 References, Birner 1999
Northhampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar.
- p. 47 References, Birner
Northhampton, Mass.
- p. 47
Northhampton,
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the town is spelled Northampton. The crop of p. 47 shows "Northhampton".
Second check: none (judge only)