The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?

• p. 32 Physical health paragraph

  10 years later (Kubzansky, Sparrow, Vokonas, & Kawachi, 2001)

• p. 33 Longevity paragraph, left column

  coronary heart disease 10 years later (Kubzansky et al., 2001)

• p. 14 Table 2, Health, Kubzansky et al., 2001 rows

  12 years

• p. 32 Physical health paragraph

  cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attacks and angina) 10 years later

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: I confirmed on the images that the text says 10 years on p.32 and on p.33, and that all three Kubzansky rows in Table 2 on p.14 say 12 years. The paper gives no mean-versus-maximum explanation. I also confirmed that the outcome cell is blank in the first Kubzansky row (p.14) and in the George, 1989 row of Table 1 (p.6).

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 32 Physical health paragraph, right column

  cardiovascular heart disease 8 months after surgery

• p. 13 Table 2, Health, Fitzgerald et al., 2000 row

  9 months

• p. 32 Physical health paragraph

  8 months after surgery

• p. 13 Table 2, Health

  Fitzgerald et al., 2000 42 LOT CHD risk reduction 9 months

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: I checked the p.32 right column and the Table 2 Health row on p.13 (Fitzgerald et al., 2000, 42, LOT, CHD risk reduction, 9 months, .30b). The paper gives nothing that reconciles the two, such as surgery date versus baseline assessment. Only the authors can say which interval is right.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 32 Longevity and survival paragraph, right column

  over a 19-year period, dissatisfaction with life predicted fatal

• p. 14 Table 2, Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2002 rows

  Up to 20

• p. 50 Reference list

  fatal injury in a 20-year follow-up

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The p.32 right column reads 19-year. Both 2002 rows of Table 2 on p.14 read 'Up to 20 years', and the p.50 reference title reads '20-year follow-up'. The paper does not reconcile the two figures.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 33 Longevity paragraph, left column

  in a sample of 268 older adults

• p. 14 Table 2, Health, Palmore, 1969 row

  265

• p. 14 Table 2, Health

  Palmore, 1969 265

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The p.33 text reads 268. The Table 2 Palmore row reads 265, with one-item interviewer-rated happiness, mortality rate, 15 years, −.26. The difference could be the analysed n, but the paper does not say so. The −.26 against .26 sign difference reflects how the outcome is coded (mortality rate in the table versus longevity quotient in the text), so I am not raising it.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 16 Table 3, Negotiation and conflict resolution, last row

  Baron et al., 1992 (Study 2)*

Judge's note: The crop shows the asterisk. The Table 3 note (p. 19 text) reads only 'Subscript a indicates that the study appears in more than one section or table.' The next row for the same study is printed 'Baron et al., 1992 (Study 2)a', so the asterisk is evidently a mis-set subscript a.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 23 Mental Health, right column

  less likely to suffer from this debilitating condition (e.g., Ly- ubomirsky et al., 2005)

• p. 24 Self-Perceptions, right column

  Ly- ubomirsky et al., 2005; Scheufele & Shah, 2000

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The reference list has 'Lyubomirsky, S., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K., & Dickerhoof, R. (2005)' on self-reflection and 'Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005)' on sustainable change. Elsewhere the text cites those two as 'Lyubomirsky, Kasri, Zehm, & Dickerhoof, 2005' and 'Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005'. The happiness and self-esteem paper is listed as 'in press'. The intended source cannot be identified.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 48 Reference list

  *Fromm, E. (1962). The art of loving.

• p. 45 Reference list header note

  References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The page images (p.48 entry, p.45 header) show the asterisk and the definition. In the text, Fromm (1962) is cited only once, for a quotation ("a mother must not only be a 'good mother,' but also a happy person" (p. 49)), and a search found no row for it in the tables. Other asterisked studies, such as Kashdan et al. 2004, Totterdell 2000, Trope & Pomerantz 1998 and Erez & Isen 2002, do appear in the tables. A book of theory looks unlikely to have supplied an effect size, so the asterisk is probably a mislabel. Only the authors can confirm this. Geier et al. and Sheldon & Lyubomirsky are empirical studies cited in the text; they are not judged here.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 46 Reference list, Bradburn (1969)

  Chi- cago: Alpine.

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that Bradburn's The Structure of Psychological Well-Being was published in Chicago by Aldine. The page image on p.46 does read 'Chicago: Alpine.' Nothing in the files settles the publisher.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 53 Reference list, Stone et al. (1994)

  Napoli, A., Valdimarsdottir, V., &

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The p.53 crops show all three entries. They come from the same research group on secretory IgA and NK-cell activity, so these are very likely the same person. The 'V.' initial looks wrong, but only the authors can confirm it.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 13 Table 2, Health, Graham et al., in press row

  Two-item residual happiness

• p. 13 Table 2, Work life, Graham et al. rows

  One-item residual happiness

• p. 13 Table 2, Work life, Graham et al., in press (Income)

  4,455 One-item residual happiness

• p. 13 Table 2, Health, Graham et al., in press

  4,455 Two-item residual happiness

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Viewed page 13 image. Both rows show n = 4,455 and a 5-year period. Every other Graham et al. row in Tables 1 and 2 describes the measure as one-item. A different measure for health is possible, but the paper does not say so.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 34 Longitudinal Conclusion

  every single investigation we found corroborated the correlational findings in the direction predicted by our model

• p. 33 Longitudinal health/longevity section

  a childhood measure of cheerfulness (rated by parents and teachers) was associated with earlier death

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The p.34 Conclusion makes the universal claim. One page earlier, on p.33, the text describes the Friedman et al. (1993) result running the opposite way and says 'we are uncertain why'. As worded, the claim overstates what the review itself reports. This is a wording issue only.

Second check: another model agreed

• p. 5 Introduction, paragraph on longitudinal questions

  Is happiness and PA at Time 1 correlated with behaviors paralleling success at Time 2

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 5 (p. 806). The text reads as quoted. This is a grammatical slip only.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 5 Methodological Approach, first paragraph

  electronic listserves

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 5 (p. 806). The inconsistent spelling is as described. It is a cosmetic point.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 20 Table 4, cross-sectional category

  Likeability and cooperation

• p. 5 Methods text listing Table 1 categories

  likability and cooperation

Judge's note: A text search finds 'Likeability' in the table panels (Tables 1 and 4) and 'likability/Likability' in the text (p. 5, and the section heading 'Likability and Cooperation'). Both spellings are acceptable; the paper is just inconsistent.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 7 Table 1, Social relationships, Diener & Seligman, 2002a row

  Relationshipswithclosefriends

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 7 (p. 808). The words are run together in the image itself, so this is not an extraction artefact.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 8 Table 1, Positive perceptions of self and others

  Cowan et al, 1998

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 8. Every other entry reads 'et al.'.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 11 Table 1, Likeability and cooperation, Perry et al. and Rimland rows

  Dichotomous “Who is happier?‘

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 11. The mismatched quotation marks are visible in the image.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 11 Table 1, Likeability and cooperation, King & Napa 1998 (Study 1)

  Three -item happiness

Judge's note: Viewed crop of page 11. The stray space is visible in the image.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 12 Table 1 note

  PA = positive;

• p. 12 Table 1 note

  PA ⫽ positive;

Judge's note: Viewed page 12 image: the note reads 'PA = positive; PANAS = ...'. The Table 2 note reads 'PA = positive affect'.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 12 Table 1, Physical well-being and coping, Valdimarsdottir & Bovbjerg, 1997 (with daily NA)

  0.64

Judge's note: Viewed page 12 image. '0.64' is printed as described. The formatting is inconsistent. Whether the value itself is correct cannot be checked from the files.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 15 Table 2, Physical well-being and coping, Pettit et al., 2001a row

  1,33

• p. 15 Table 2, Physical well-being and coping

  Pettit et al., 2001a 1,33

• p. 12 Table 1

  Pettit et al., 2001a 140

• p. 15 Table 2 (continued), Physical well-being and coping

  Pettit et al., 2001a 1,33 PANAS

Judge's note: The image shows '1,33'. Table 4's longitudinal Physical well-being and coping row (10 studies, 2,999 sampling units) is reproduced if Pettit's n is 133, using Benyamini 5-yr 525, Carver 59, Cohen 334, Epping-Jordan 80, Fredrickson & Joiner 138, Graham smoking 1,252, Pettit 133, Scheier 47, Stones & Kozma 408 and Vitaliano 23. That points to 133 with a stray comma. Table 1's n = 140 comes from the cross-sectional table and may be a different subsample.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 13 Table 2, Social relationships, Staw et al., 1994a row

  Emotional and tangible support form

Judge's note: Viewed page 13 image. The Table 1 row on p. 808 reads 'support from supervisors'.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 15 Table 2 note

  CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale

• p. 14 Table 2, Ostir et al. rows

  CESD Positive Affect Scale

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the instrument's full name is Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The p. 15 image shows the note as quoted, and the p. 14 Ostir rows read 'CESD Positive Affect Scale', so the abbreviation is also inconsistent within the table.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 15 Table 2 note

  Subcript a indicates

• p. 19 Table 3 (continued) panel heading

  Creativitity and problem solving (continued)

• p. 15

  Subcript a indicates that the study appears in more than one panel or table.

Judge's note: Seen on the p. 15 image. The Table 1 and Table 3 notes spell it 'Subscript'. The 'Creativitity' heading mentioned in one reviewer note is judged under C023.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 19

  Creativitity and problem solving (continued)

Judge's note: Seen on the page 19 image and the crop.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 43 Discussion, Do Happy People Experience Negative Emotions?

  World Value Survey (1994)

• p. 19 Defining Our Terms

  (World Value Survey Group, 1994)

• p. 54 Reference list

  World Value Survey Group. (1994).

Judge's note: The p.43 image shows 'World Value Survey (1994)'. The reference entry on p.54 is 'World Value Survey Group. (1994).' The Discussion may be naming the dataset, so either form could be legitimate. This is a minor consistency point.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 20 Table 4, last column header

  test of heterogeneity

• p. 20 Table 4 column header

  λ2 test of heterogeneity

Judge's note: The p. 20 image shows a lambda glyph with superscript 2. The starred values use the usual chi-square significance levels. This looks like a symbol or font error; the numbers are not affected.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 23 Friendship and Social Support

  ubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, in press)

• p. 51 Reference list

  Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., DiMatteo, M. R., & Lepper, H. S. (in press).

Judge's note: The p. 23 crop shows the three-name citation. The reference entry lists four authors, and elsewhere the text cites the paper as 'Lyubomirsky et al., in press'.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 40 Experimental and Longitudinal Designs, left column

  from the variable to happinessor the

• p. 40 Discussion, Experimental and Longitudinal Designs, first paragraph

  running from the variable to happinessor the

• p. 40 Longitudinal designs paragraph, left column

  happinessor the

Judge's note: The image of p.40 (left column) shows 'happinessor' printed as one word.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 42 The Varieties of Positive Affect, right column

  apply to content-mentor only to elation and joy

• p. 42 Discussion, The Varieties of Positive Affect, second paragraph

  apply to content-

Judge's note: The image of p.42 (right column) shows 'content-' at the end of one line and 'mentor only' at the start of the next, so 'contentment' and 'or' are run together.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 47 Reference list

  Diener, E., Oishi, R., & Lucas, R. (2005).

• p. 47 Reference list

  Diener, E., Oishi, R., & Lucas, R. (2005). Optimum levels of happiness.

• p. 44 Discussion, Costs and Trade-Offs of Happiness

  (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2005)

Judge's note: The image of p.47 shows 'Oishi, R.'. A grep finds 'Oishi, S.' in Diener, Gohm, Suh & Oishi (2000), Oishi & Diener (2003), Pomerantz et al. (2000) and Schimmack et al. (2004). The entry is also filed before Diener, Nickerson, so it is out of alphabetical order.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 48 Reference list, Friedman et al. (1993)

  Wingard, & Criqui, M. H. (1993).

Judge's note: The image of p.48 shows that 'Wingard' has no initials, while every other author in the entry has them.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 49 Reference list, Kahneman & Tversky (1979)

  Econometrika, 47, 263–291.

• p. 49 References, Kahneman & Tversky (1979)

  Econometrika, 47

• p. 49

  decisions under risk. Econometrika, 47, 263–291.

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the journal is spelled Econometrica. The crop of p.49 shows 'Econometrika' with a k, so this is not an extraction artefact.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 50 Reference list, Lutgendorf et al. (1999)

  natural killer cell activity in health older adults.

Judge's note: The crop of p.50 confirms 'in health older adults', which is ungrammatical. This is a cosmetic typo.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 51 Reference list, McCrae & Costa (1991)

  Adding Liebe un Arabeit

• p. 51 References, McCrae & Costa (1991)

  Adding Liebe un Arabeit: The fully

Judge's note: The crop of p.51 confirms 'Liebe un Arabeit: The fully'. 'un' and 'Arabeit' are misspellings of the German 'und Arbeit', and 'fully' does not fit the phrase. This is a cosmetic typo in the citation.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 51 Reference list, first entry

  Lyubomirsky, S., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K., & Dickerhoof, R. (2005).

Judge's note: The crop of p.51 (page 852) confirms two ampersands in one author list. Only the one before the last author should remain. The in-text citation on p.31 reads correctly: 'Lyubomirsky, Kasri, Zehm, & Dickerhoof, 2005'.

Second check: none (judge only)

• p. 53 Reference list, Trope & Pomerantz (1998)

  Positive experiences as a resources for overcoming

Judge's note: The crop of p.53 confirms 'as a resources'. It should read 'as a resource'. This is a cosmetic typo.

Second check: none (judge only)