The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism
2002 · paper · Political science
Argues that many post–Cold War hybrid regimes are not transitional democracies but a distinct type, competitive authoritarianism, where democratic institutions exist yet incumbents abuse them. It defines the type and contends that existing labels obscure important differences.
Checked: PDF from web.archive.org, fetched 5 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.
0 findings
None that passed a second check.
5 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Wording Haiti's competitive-authoritarian period is given as "post-1995 Haiti" (p. 52, PDF p2) but as "Haiti after 1994" (p. 61, PDF p11), and the paper does not say why the years differ.
- p. 2 Defining Competitive Authoritarianism, list of examples
and post-1995 Haiti
- p. 11 Paths to Competitive Authoritarianism, second path
as well as by Haiti after 1994
Judge's note: Both crops checked against the page images. PDF p2 lists "post-1995 Haiti" among the examples of competitive authoritarianism. PDF p11 (see p10 for context) says the second path, "the collapse of an authoritarian regime, followed by the emergence of a new, competitive authoritarian regime", was followed "by Haiti after 1994". The two dates may well fit together: 1994 could be the collapse of the military regime and 1995 the start of the new regime. The text never says this, though, so the one-year gap is a minor consistency point, not a clear error.
Second check: another model agreed
Report a problem with this finding
Typo Stray word in "democratic rules simply serve as to legitimate an existing autocratic leadership"; should read "simply serve to legitimate".
- p. 4 Defining Competitive Authoritarianism, paragraph on 'façade' electoral regimes
democratic rules simply serve as to legitimate an existing autocratic leadership
Judge's note: The page-image crop of PDF p4 shows "simply serve / as to legitimate" across a line break. The text really is printed this way and is ungrammatical; deleting "as" is the obvious fix. Cosmetic.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo The same author is given as "M. Steven Fish" in note 1 and as "M. Stephen Fish" in note 16.
- p. 14 Note 1
and M. Steven Fish
- p. 15 Note 16
M. Stephen Fish
- p. 14 Note 1
M. Steven Fish
Judge's note: The crops confirm both spellings as printed. That these are the same person is inferred from context (the same field and the co-authored volume in note 16), so the internal inconsistency is confirmed as a copy-editing error.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo Note 5 prints the co-author's name as "Aníbal Pérez Linan", without the diacritics usually written in Pérez-Liñán.
- p. 14 Note 5
Aníbal Pérez Linan
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the author's own spelling, Pérez-Liñán. The crop confirms that the page prints "Linan" with no tilde or accent, while "Aníbal" and "Pérez" in the same entry do carry accents.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo Note 13 separates its citations inconsistently: "...croar97.html (1997). Mikhail Diloyen" uses a full stop where the earlier citations are separated by a semicolon.
- p. 15 Note 13
(1997). Mikhail Diloyen
Judge's note: The crop confirms a semicolon after "138" and a full stop after "(1997)". This is a cosmetic punctuation inconsistency.
Second check: none (judge only)