Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity
2009 · paper · Earth science
Proposes nine planetary boundaries within which humanity could operate safely, quantifying seven of them. Estimates that three boundaries (climate change, biodiversity loss and the nitrogen cycle) have already been transgressed.
Checked: PDF from ecologyandsociety.org, fetched 4 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.
11 findings
Reference or label Table 1 names the second climate control variable "Energy imbalance at Earth's surface, W m-2" with boundary "Energy imbalance:+1 W m-2", while the abstract and text set the boundary on "radiative forcing" ("1 W m-2 above the pre-industrial level").
- p. 8 Table 1, Climate change, Control variable
Energy imbalance at
- p. 10 Climate Change, left column, top
m-2 (+0.8/-1.0 W m-2) net radiative forcing
- p. 1 Abstract
+1 W m-2 in radiative forcing
- p. 8 Table 1, Climate change, Control variable
Energy imbalance at Earth’s surface, W
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Checked on the images of p1, p8 and p10 and the foot of p9. The text defines the control variable as radiative forcing relative to pre-industrial and compares it with the current +1.6 W m-2 net radiative forcing from IPCC 2007a. The table labels the same +1 W m-2 boundary as an energy imbalance at the Earth's surface, a different physical quantity. Searched the text for 'imbalance': it occurs only in Table 1. The label is inconsistent with the text; the authors should say which is meant.
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Reference or label The IPCC is named "International Panel on Climate Change" in the text (p2) and in the three reference-list headings (1990, 2007a, 2007b), while the 2007a entry itself reads "Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change".
- p. 2 First paragraph
International Panel on Climate Change
- p. 27 Literature cited, IPCC 1990 / 2007a / 2007b headings
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
- p. 27 Literature cited, IPCC 2007a entry
the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
- p. 27
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1990. Scientific assessment
Judge's note: Read on the p2 and p27 images. The author-name form 'International Panel' conflicts with the report titles inside the same reference entries, which give 'Intergovernmental Panel', so the error is shown by the paper itself. Distinct from the 'IPPC' misspelling in C008.
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Reference or label Fig. 6 caption: "shows the estimate of current position of the control variable (see Table 2)", but the article contains only Table 1 and no Table 2.
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
variable (see Table 2)
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
of the control variable (see Table 2)
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
(see Table 2)
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
current position of the control variable (see Table 2)
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Caption read on the page-22 crop. A text search of pages 1–33 finds only 'Table 1' (pages 8–9) and this single mention of 'Table 2'. Table 1, checked on the page-8 image, has no current-value column. Every other supplement pointer is written 'Appendix 1, Supplementary ...', so the pointer has no target in the article as labelled. Appendix 1 is a separate download not among the files provided; whether the intended target is a table there or a leftover from another version is for the authors to say.
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Reference or label Fig. 6 caption: "For biodiversity loss, the estimated current boundary level of >100 extinctions per million species-years exceeds the space available in the figure" labels the current extinction rate as a boundary level; the proposed boundary is 10 E/MSY (Table 1 "<10 E/MSY (10–100 E/MSY)").
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
the estimated current boundary level of >100 extinctions per million
- p. 9 Table 1, Rate of biodiversity loss
<10 E/MSY
- p. 15 Rate of Biodiversity Loss, left column
current global average extinction rate of ≥100 E/
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
the estimated current boundary level of >100 extinctions
Judge's note: Read the caption on the crop of PDF page 22. Table 1 (p. 9) gives the boundary as <10 E/MSY and the text on p. 15 gives the 'current global average extinction rate of ≥100 E/MSY' and places the boundary at 10 E/MSY. The same caption says the wedges show the 'current position of the control variable', so >100 is the current value, not a boundary level. Evident fix: 'current level' or 'current rate'. The caption also has '>' where the text has '≥' (minor).
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Reference or label Hofmann and Schellnhuber 2009: "in press. doi 10.1073/Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.0813384106." The DOI has the journal's full name inside the identifier and is not a valid DOI (evidently 10.1073/pnas.0813384106).
- p. 27 Literature cited, Hofmann and Schellnhuber 2009
doi 10.1073/Proceedings of the National
- p. 27 Hofmann and Schellnhuber 2009
doi 10.1073/Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.0813384106
Judge's note: The crop of p. 27 shows the DOI exactly as quoted. A DOI suffix cannot be the spelled-out journal title with spaces; the string is consistent with a global replacement of the abbreviation 'pnas' by the journal name. The identifier as printed does not resolve, so the pointer is broken.
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Reference or label Meybeck 2003 journal given as "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Academy - London B 358:1935–1955", while Nepstad et al. 2008 on the same page gives "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363:1737–1746".
- p. 29 Literature cited, Meybeck 2003
of the Royal Academy - London B
- p. 29 Literature cited, Nepstad et al. 2008
of the Royal Society B
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that the journal is Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (there is no 'Royal Academy - London B'). Both crops confirm the two printed forms. Internal evidence supports the finding: the same list names the 'Royal Society B' series for volume 363 and 'Proceedings of the Royal Society' elsewhere, and volume 358 fits that series.
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Wording Ozone boundary baseline is "<5% reduction in O3 concentration from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units" in the abstract and Table 1, but "a <5% decrease in column ozone levels for any particular latitude with respect to 1964–1980 values" in the section text.
- p. 1 Abstract
from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson
- p. 8 Table 1, Stratospheric ozone depletion, Planetary Boundary
pre-industrial level
- p. 12 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, right column, 1st paragraph
with respect to 1964–1980
- p. 12 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, text
for any particular latitude with respect to 1964–1980
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Read the abstract (p1), Table 1 (p8) and the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion section (p12) on the page images. The two baselines differ in reference period (pre-industrial vs 1964–1980) and spatial basis (one global 290 DU value vs per latitude). Searched the text for 'Dobson', 'DU', '290' and '1964': 290 DU appears only in the abstract and Table 1, and nothing equates 1964–1980 with pre-industrial. Only the authors can say which definition is intended.
Second check: another model agreed
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Wording Fig. 6 caption classes the phosphorus boundary as "defined as the state of a variable (... cumulative P loading in oceans ...)", whereas the abstract and Table 1 define the control variable as a flux: "annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P" / "P: inflow of phosphorus to ocean, increase compared with natural background weathering".
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
cumulative P loading in oceans
- p. 8 Table 1, Biogeochemical flows, Control variable
P: inflow of
- p. 1 Abstract
annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times
- p. 8 Table 1, Biogeochemical flows, Control variable
P: inflow of phosphorus to ocean, increase compared with natural background weathering
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Read the caption (p. 22 crop) and the Table 1 row (p. 8 crop); abstract and the P section on pp. 13-14 consistently speak of P inflow to the oceans (a rate, <10x background weathering). No passage in the article defines a cumulative P loading variable. The caption's description is inconsistent with the boundary definition; only the authors can say whether the caption wording or the classification was intended.
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Wording Table 1 column header "State of knowledge*" carries an asterisk, but no footnote appears under either part of the table.
- p. 8 Table 1, header row
State of knowledge*
- p. 9 end of Table 1
3. Unable to suggest boundary yet.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Looked at the foot of the table on both page images: p8 ends with '(con'd)' and p9 ends with the closing rule and no footnote. The asterisk presumably pointed to an explanation of the numbered items 1-3 in that column, which is left undefined. Only the authors can supply the missing footnote.
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Wording "the degree of hysteresis in the relationship between ice growth and ice creation in response to temperature change": 'ice growth' and 'ice creation' name the same direction; the hysteresis contrast needs ice loss (melting or decay) as the second term.
- p. 10 Climate Change, left column, 3rd paragraph
growth and ice creation in response to temperature
- p. 10 Climate change, palaeo-climate paragraph
between ice growth and ice creation
Judge's note: Read on the page-10 crop; the text is printed as quoted. Hysteresis is between the growth path and the decay path, and the sentence goes on to the 'eventual disappearance' of ice sheets, so one term must be a slip for loss or melting. The intended sense is evident, but as printed the sentence does not describe a hysteresis.
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Wording Range dash missing: "projected to increase another 10-fold, to 100010 000 E/MSY" should read 1000–10 000 E/MSY.
- p. 15 Rate of Biodiversity Loss, left column, 3rd paragraph
to 100010 000
- p. 15 Rate of Biodiversity Loss, third paragraph of the page
projected to increase another 10-fold, to 100010 000
- p. 15 Rate of Biodiversity Loss, para 'Since the advent of the Anthropocene'
to 100010 000 E/MSY
Judge's note: The page-15 image prints '100010 000' with no dash, so this is not a text-extraction loss. The preceding sentence gives a 100–1000-fold increase over background and a current rate of ≥100 E/MSY; another 10-fold gives 1000–10 000. The fix is evident. Rated S3 rather than S1 because the garbled figure is recognisably a broken range and not a plausible wrong value.
Second check: another model agreed
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41 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Wording Land-system boundary is "<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland" in the abstract but "≤15% of global ice-free land surface converted to cropland" in Table 1 and "no more than 15%" in the text.
- p. 1 Abstract
(<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland)
- p. 9 Table 1, Land-system change
≤15% of global ice-
- p. 17 Land-System Change, left column, 2nd paragraph
than 15% of the global ice-free land surface should
- p. 1 Abstract
<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland
Judge's note: Both symbols checked on the images: strict '<' on p1, '≤' on p9, and 'no more than 15%' on p17. The inequality is quoted inconsistently, with the abstract the odd one out. Practically immaterial for a rough boundary, so recorded as a minor consistency point.
Second check: another model agreed
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Wording Current cropland is given as "About 12% of the global land surface" while the boundary is "15% of the global ice-free land surface", and the "allowed 3% expansion (approximately 400 Mha)" subtracts one from the other.
- p. 17 Land-System Change, right column, 3rd paragraph
About 12% of the global land surface is currently
- p. 17 Land-System Change, left column, 2nd paragraph
than 15% of the global ice-free land surface should
Judge's note: Both sentences read on the page-17 crop. The denominators are worded differently ('global land surface' against 'global ice-free land surface'). The 400 Mha figure fits 3% of an ice-free land area of roughly 13,000 Mha, so the 12% is probably also on the ice-free basis and this is loose wording, not a wrong number.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Citation block on the title page prints "Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity" (no space after the colon) and "C. A. De Wit", while the byline has "Cynthia A. de Wit".
- p. 1 Citation block at top of page
Planetary boundaries:exploring the
- p. 1 Citation block at top of page
C. A. De Wit
Judge's note: Both visible on the p1 image: there is no space after the colon in the citation line, and 'De Wit' is capitalised there, whereas the byline and the reference list (text lines for 'de Wit, C. A.') use lower-case 'de'. Cosmetic.
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Typo Byline prints "F. Stuart III Chapin"; the suffix is misplaced (the citation block on the same page gives "F. S. Chapin, III").
- p. 1
F. Stuart III Chapin 5, Eric Lambin
Judge's note: Seen on the p1 image. The paper's own citation line and several reference-list entries write 'F. S. Chapin, III', so the byline order 'Stuart III Chapin' is an internal inconsistency and not only a matter of outside knowledge.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Abstract: "transgressing one may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them to be transgressed" pairs 'both' with 'or'.
- p. 1 Abstract
may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them
Judge's note: Read on the p1 image. 'both ... or' is a mismatched correlative (should be 'both ... and' or 'either ... or'). The meaning is recoverable, so cosmetic.
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Typo Nitrogen boundary is given as "35 Tg N yr-1" in the abstract but "35 Mt N yr-1" in Table 1 and the text.
- p. 1 Abstract
to 35 Tg N yr-1
- p. 8 Table 1, Biogeochemical flows
35 Mt N yr-1
- p. 13 N cycle text
about 35 Mt N yr-1
- p. 1 Abstract
fixation of N2 to 35 Tg N yr-1
Judge's note: Checked on the images of p1, p8 and p13. Tg and Mt are the same mass (1 Tg = 1 Mt), so the value is not wrong; only the unit style is inconsistent. The body text uses Mt throughout the nitrogen section.
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Typo Ocean acidification boundary is "≥ 80%" (abstract), "Sustain ≥80%" (Table 1) and "80% or higher" (p. 11), but the restatement on p. 12 reads "(i.e., >80% of the average surface ocean, pre-industrial aragonite saturation state".
- p. 12 Ocean Acidification, left column, top
>80% of the average surface
- p. 11 Ocean Acidification, last lines of right column
is maintained at 80% or higher
- p. 8 Table 1, Ocean acidification
Sustain ≥80% of the
- p. 12 Ocean Acidification, final paragraph
(i.e., >80% of the average surface
Judge's note: The page-12 crop prints a strict '>' and the Table 1 image on page 8 prints '≥', so this is not an extraction artefact. The abstract and p. 11 wording were read from the text layer only. The difference matters only at exactly 80%, so it is a minor notation inconsistency.
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Typo p. 2: the first sentence prints "International Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) 2007a". The acronym is IPCC everywhere else in the paper, and the panel's name is inconsistent with the reference list's own "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change".
- p. 2 First paragraph
(IPPC) 2007a)
- p. 2
climate (International Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) 2007a)
- p. 2 Introduction, first sentence
(International Panel on Climate Change
- p. 2 first paragraph of 'New challenges…'
Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) 2007a
Judge's note: I looked at the page 2 crop. It shows "(IPPC) 2007a" in the first paragraph. Every later citation and the reference-list headings (p. 27) use "IPCC". The reference entries also say "International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)", but the title of the 2007a entry says "the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", so the paper gives two different names for the same body. The IPPC/IPCC transposition is an internal inconsistency with an obvious fix.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Fig. 1 caption reads "The last glacial cycle of 18O (an indicator of temperature)", with no δ and no superscript; the figure axis is labelled δ18O (per mil).
- p. 3 Fig. 1 caption
The last glacial cycle of 18O
- p. 3 Fig. 1 caption
The last glacial cycle of 18O (an indicator of temperature)
- p. 3 Fig. 1 caption
glacial cycle of 18O
Judge's note: Checked on the p3 image: the caption prints plain '18O' while the y-axis shows δ18O (per mil). The caption has lost the delta and the superscript. Typographic.
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Typo "emphasizing multiple basins of attraction and thresholds effects" should read 'threshold effects'.
- p. 4 Right column, end of first paragraph
multiple basins of attraction and thresholds effects
Judge's note: Seen on the p4 image, right column. The Fig. 2 caption on the same page writes 'threshold effect' and 'threshold effects'.
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Typo Fig. 2 caption refers to panels "In (a) ..." and "In (b) ...", and the text cites Fig. 2a and 2b, but the two panels in the figure carry no (a)/(b) labels.
- p. 4 Fig. 2 caption and figure
In (a) the boundary is designed to avoid the
Judge's note: Checked the figure on the p4 image: two side-by-side plots with no panel letters. Left-to-right order makes the mapping easy to infer (threshold panel left, 'dangerous level' panel right), so this is a cosmetic omission.
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Typo Phosphorus zone of uncertainty is printed as "(10× - 100×)" in Table 1 but as "(<10×–<100×)" in the text on p. 14.
- p. 8 Table 1, P boundary
P: < 10× (10× -
- p. 14 Text, P boundary
(<10×–<100×)
Judge's note: Checked Table 1 on the page-8 image and the page-14 crop. Both print as quoted. The same range is meant; only the notation differs (inequality signs in the text, none in the table, and a spaced hyphen in the table). Cosmetic inconsistency with no change to the value.
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Typo Thousands separators are inconsistent: "~225,000 tonnes", "~4,000 km3", "~2,600 km3" (comma), "800 000 premature deaths", "10 000" (space), and "~5000", "~7500" (none), including mixed forms within one passage on p. 16.
- p. 13 P paragraph
~225,000 tonnes P yr-1
- p. 16 Freshwater paragraph
~4,000 km3 yr-1
- p. 16 Freshwater paragraph
~7500 km3/
- p. 18 Aerosol paragraph
800 000 premature deaths
Judge's note: Separator styles confirmed on the page-13 and page-18 images and the page-16 crop. This is a cosmetic style inconsistency. The second reviewer note (20% of 1.1 Mt is 220,000 t, not ~225,000 t) is not a defect: 0.72 E10 mol P at about 31 g/mol is about 223,000 t, 20% of 3.5 E10 mol is 0.70 E10, and all values carry '~', so the spread is rounding in the unit conversion. That part is not confirmed.
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Typo Ungrammatical sentence: "This suggests that for humans to trigger an OAE should still be over 1000 years away, thus shifting it down the list in our current sphere."
- p. 14 P cycle paragraph
for humans to trigger an OAE should still be over 1000 years away
Judge's note: Read on the page-14 crop; printed as quoted. The 'that' clause has no proper subject ('for humans to trigger an OAE should still be...'), and 'our current sphere' is left without its noun. The meaning is recoverable (a human-triggered OAE is more than 1000 years away), so this is a wording defect, not a factual one.
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Typo Unit written with a solidus, "~7500 km3/yr", where the rest of the paper, including the same sentence ("~5000 km3 yr-1"), uses the form km3 yr-1.
- p. 16 Freshwater paragraph
~7500 km3/ yr
Judge's note: Confirmed on the page-16 crop: 'km³/' at the line end followed by 'yr'. A text search shows every other occurrence uses 'km3 yr-1'. Style inconsistency only; the unit is the same.
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Typo Garbled negation: "suitable land that is not either currently cultivated or is under forest cover" (intended: neither currently cultivated nor under forest cover).
- p. 17 Land-System Change, right column, 3rd paragraph
suitable land that is not either currently cultivated
Judge's note: Read on the page-17 crop; printed as quoted. The 'not either ... or is' construction is ungrammatical and can be parsed as including forested land. The examples that follow (abandoned cropland, savannas, cerrado) show the intended sense, so the fix is evident.
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Typo Stray character at the start of a paragraph: ">From the perspective of human-health effects, fine particulate air pollution".
- p. 18 Aerosol Loading, left column, 2nd paragraph
>From the perspective of human-health effects
Judge's note: The '>' is printed on the page-18 image before 'From' at the paragraph start in the left column. It is in the PDF, not an extraction artefact.
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Typo p. 18, Chemical Pollution: the in-text citation is spelled "Commission of the European Commmunities 2001" (three m's).
- p. 18 Chemical Pollution, right column
European Commmunities 2001
- p. 18
Commission of the European Commmunities 2001)
- p. 18 Chemical Pollution para
Commission of the European Commmunities 2001
Judge's note: The p. 18 crop shows "Commmunities". The reference-list entry on p. 25 spells it "Communities".
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Typo "Ezzati, M., A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers, S. Vander Hoorn, and C. J. L. Murray. 2002." is in Literature Cited but is not cited anywhere in the article text; the uncited mortality figures on p. 18 ("roughly 1.6 million deaths", "roughly 300 000 deaths per year") may be where it belonged.
- p. 26 Literature cited
Ezzati, M., A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers, S. Vander
- p. 26 Literature cited
Ezzati, M., A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers
- p. 18 Aerosol Loading, mortality from indoor smoke / occupational particulates
Mortality due to exposure to indoor smoke from solid fuels is about double that of urban air pollution
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Searched the full article text: 'Ezzati' occurs only in the reference list (p. 26). The indoor-smoke and occupational-particulate sentence on p. 18 carries no citation. Whether the reference was meant for that sentence is for the authors to say; the uncited entry itself is a fact of the PDF. The reference entry was read in the text layer; no numeric or typographic point depends on the image.
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Typo p. 23, Acknowledgments: "Carlos Nobres" is probably the C. A. Nobre cited as "Oyama, M. D., and C. A. Nobre" in the reference list.
- p. 23 Acknowledgments
Carlos Nobres
- p. 29 Literature cited
Oyama, M. D., and C. A. Nobre.
- p. 23
Susan Owens, Carlos Nobres, Sybil Seitzinger, and Oran Young
- p. 23
Owens, Carlos Nobres, Sybil Seitzinger
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that the person acknowledged is Carlos Nobre, the co-author of Oyama and Nobre 2003. The p. 23 crop shows "Carlos Nobres", and the p. 29 crop shows "C. A. Nobre". Whether these are the same person cannot be settled from the files.
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Typo Reference list, Canadell et al. 2007: "Canadell, J. G., D. Le Quéré, M. R. Raupach"; the same surname appears with initial C. in "Le Quéré, C., C. Rödenbeck, E. T. Buitenhuis" (2007).
- p. 24 Literature cited, Canadell et al. 2007
D. Le Quéré
- p. 28 Literature cited, Le Quéré et al. 2007
Le Quéré, C., C. Rödenbeck
- p. 24 Canadell et al. 2007
Canadell, J. G., D. Le Quéré
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that the second author of the Canadell et al. 2007 PNAS paper is C. Le Quéré. The page image shows 'D. Le Quéré' in the Canadell entry (p. 24) and the text has 'Le Quéré, C.' on p. 28, with an overlapping co-author (Buitenhuis). The inconsistency is on the page; the true author list is not in the files.
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Typo Literature cited is out of alphabetical order in two places: both "Charlson, R. J., ..." entries precede the three Carpenter entries, Cazenave and Chapin (p. 24); "Gunderson, L. H., and C. S. Holling, editors." precedes Grandjean, Gruber and Guinotte (p. 27).
- p. 24 Literature cited, right column
Charlson, R. J., J. Langner, H. Rodhe, C. B.
- p. 27 Literature cited, left column
Gunderson, L. H., and C. S. Holling, editors.
Judge's note: Checked the full page image of p. 24: order is Canadell, Charlson (1991), Charlson (1992), Carpenter (2005), Carpenter (1999), Carpenter (2001), Cazenave, Chapin. On p. 27 (crop and text) the order is Gordon, Gunderson, Grandjean, Gruber, Guinotte. Cosmetic.
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Typo Two reference entries (Cruz et al. 2007, p. 25; IPCC 2007b continued on p. 28) print "Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change"; should be "on", as in the IPCC 2007a entry ("Panel on Climate Change").
- p. 25 Literature cited, Cruz et al. 2007
of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.
- p. 28 Literature cited, IPCC 2007b (continued)
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.
- p. 25 Literature cited, Cruz et al. 2007
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.
Judge's note: Both crops show 'Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change'. The IPCC 2007a entry on p. 27 has 'Panel on Climate Change' and the body text and list headings also use 'Panel on Climate Change', so the paper is internally inconsistent and the fix is evident.
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Typo Cruz et al. 2007 reference has no chapter title: "Cruz, R. V., H. Harasawa, M. Lal, and S. A. Wu. 2007. Pages 469–506 in M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, ...".
- p. 25 Literature cited, Cruz et al. 2007
2007. Pages 469–506 in M. L. Parry
Judge's note: The crop shows the entry going from the year straight to the page range. Other chapter entries in the list (e.g. Díaz et al. 2005: 'Biodiversity regulation of ecosystem services. Pages 297–329 in ...') give a chapter title. The missing title itself must be supplied by the authors.
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Typo de Wit et al. 2004 reference has no title: "... Krahn, R. J. Norstrom, and J. U. Skaare. 2004. In C. A. de Wit, A. T. Fisk, K. E. Hobbs, and D. C. G. Muir, editors. AMAP assessment 2002: persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic."
- p. 25 Literature cited, de Wit et al. 2004
Krahn, R. J. Norstrom, and J. U. Skaare. 2004.
Judge's note: The crop shows the year followed directly by 'In ... editors' with no contribution title. Either a chapter title is missing or the 'In ... editors' construction is wrong for a whole-report citation; either way the entry is malformed.
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Typo Church and White 2006: "Geophysical Research Letters 33:LO1602." has the letter O where a zero belongs (L01602).
- p. 25 Literature cited, Church and White 2006
33:LO1602.
- p. 25 Church and White 2006
33:LO1602
Judge's note: In the crop the second character is the wide capital letter O, visibly different from the narrow zero in '1602'; the text layer also has the letter O. The same list gives another Geophysical Research Letters article number as 'L21810' (Lau and Kim 2006, p. 28), i.e. L plus five digits, so the intended form is evident from the paper itself.
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Typo Doubled punctuation in the reference list: "Guinotte, J. M., R.. W. Buddemeier" (p. 27) and "European Communities., Brussels, EU." (p. 25).
- p. 27 Literature cited, Guinotte et al. 2003
R.. W. Buddemeier
- p. 25 Literature cited, Commission of the European Communities 2001
European Communities., Brussels, EU.
- p. 27
Guinotte, J. M., R.. W. Buddemeier, and J. A. Kleypas.
- p. 27
Guinotte, J. M., R.. W. Buddemeier, and J. A.
Judge's note: Both are visible on the crops: a double full stop after the initial R on p. 27, and a full stop followed by a comma in the Commission of the European Communities 2001 entry on p. 25.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Reference Feely et al. 2004 (p. 26) lists the author as "J. Kleyas". Elsewhere the list spells this author "Kleypas" (Doney et al. 2009; Guinotte et al. 2003; Kleypas et al. 1999).
- p. 26 Literature cited, Feely et al. 2004
J. Kleyas
- p. 28 Literature cited
Kleypas, J. A., R. W. Buddemeier
- p. 26
K. Lee, W. Berelson, J. Kleyas, V. J. Fabry, and F. J. Millero.
- p. 26 Literature cited, Feely et al. 2004
J. Kleyas, V. J. Fabry
Judge's note: The p. 26 crop shows "J. Kleyas". On pp. 26–28 the same author appears as "J. A. Kleypas" in the Doney 2009 and Guinotte 2003 entries.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Journal title printed as "Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5(1):25–32" in Foley et al. 2007 but "Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:488–494" in Elmqvist et al. 2003.
- p. 26 Literature cited, Foley et al. 2007
Frontiers in Ecology and Environment
- p. 26 Literature cited, Elmqvist et al. 2003
Environment 1:488–494.
Judge's note: Both entries are visible on the same crop of p. 26; the same journal has two different titles. The Elmqvist form ('and the Environment') is the consistent fix.
Second check: none (judge only)
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Typo Reference Foley et al. 2007 (p. 26) gives the title as "Amazonian revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin"; it is probably "Amazonia revealed".
- p. 26 Literature cited, Foley et al. 2007
Amazonian revealed: forest degradation
- p. 26
Amazonian revealed: forest degradation and loss of
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the published title of Foley et al. 2007 in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. The p. 26 crop shows "Amazonian revealed", which is ungrammatical as printed.
Second check: none (judge only)
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Typo Missing space after the comma in "Hughes,T. P., M. J. Rodrigues" (Hughes et al. 2007).
- p. 27 Hughes et al. 2007
Hughes,T. P.
Judge's note: Crop shows 'Hughes,T. P.' set with no space, unlike every neighbouring entry (e.g. 'Holling, C. S.', 'Guinotte, J. M.').
Second check: none (judge only)
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Typo Author list of Mace et al. 2005 ends in dangling punctuation: "Mace, G., H. Masundire, J. Baillie, . 2005. Biodiversity."
- p. 28 Literature cited, Mace et al. 2005
J. Baillie, . 2005.
- p. 28
Mace, G., H. Masundire, J. Baillie, . 2005. Biodiversity.
Judge's note: Crop shows 'J. Baillie, . 2005.' in bold: a comma, a space and a stray full stop with no further names, no 'and' and no 'et al.'. The list is evidently truncated; which authors were dropped cannot be told from the PDF, but the stray punctuation is an objective defect.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Reference Lau and Kim 2006 (p. 28): the title begins "Obervational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation" (should be "Observational").
- p. 28
Obervational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation.
- p. 28 Lau and Kim 2006 reference
Obervational
- p. 28
Lau, K. M., and K. M. Kim. 2006. Obervational
Judge's note: The p. 28 crop shows "Obervational", a plain misspelling.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Author surname printed as "Kaufmann, S. A. 1993. Origins of order." (and "Kaufmann 1993" in the text, p2); the author of this book is probably Kauffman.
- p. 28 Reference list
Kaufmann, S. A. 1993. Origins of order.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that the author of 'Origins of order' (Oxford University Press, 1993) is Stuart A. Kauffman. The page does print 'Kaufmann' in the reference list, and the in-text citation uses the same spelling, so the paper is internally consistent; the spelling cannot be verified from the files.
Second check: none (judge only)
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Typo Reference Petit et al. 1999 (p. 29): the title reads "from the Vostok ice core, Antartica" (should be "Antarctica").
- p. 29 Literature cited, Petit et al. 1999
Antartica. Nature 399:429–436.
- p. 29
from the Vostok ice core, Antartica. Nature 399:429–436.
- p. 29 Petit et al. 1999 reference
Vostok ice core, Antartica
- p. 29 Literature cited, Mucci 1983
American Journal of Science 238:780–799
Judge's note: The p. 29 crop shows "Antartica". This cluster also bundles other typos. "Obervational" is C049 and "Sinuaer" is C053. The claim that the Mucci 1983 volume should be 283 rather than the printed 238 rests on outside knowledge and is not adjudicated here. This verdict covers only "Antartica".
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Reference Odum 1989 (p. 29) names the publisher as "Sinuaer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts"; it is probably Sinauer Associates.
- p. 29 Literature cited, Odum 1989
Sinuaer Associates
- p. 29
life-support systems. Sinuaer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
- p. 29
life-support systems. Sinuaer Associates, Sunderland,
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the publisher in Sunderland, MA is named Sinauer Associates. The p. 29 crop shows "Sinuaer", which looks like a letter transposition.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Stray full stop before the publisher in Molden et al. 2007: "assessment of water management in agriculture. .Earthscan, London, UK".
- p. 29 Literature cited, Molden et al. 2007
.Earthscan, London, UK
- p. 29
assessment of water management in agriculture. .Earthscan, London, UK
- p. 29 Molden et al. 2007
.Earthscan
Judge's note: Crop shows 'agriculture. .Earthscan, London, UK' with a full stop attached to the front of 'Earthscan'. Present in the rendered page, not an extraction artefact.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Reference Tunnicliffe et al. 2009 (p. 31) lists "D. A. Buttefield"; this is probably Butterfield. The author list also ends "J. M. Rose, W. W. Chadwick, Jr." without the "and" used in other entries.
- p. 31 Literature cited, Tunnicliffe et al. 2009
D. A. Buttefield, R.
- p. 31
K. T. Davies, D. A. Buttefield, R. W. Embley,
- p. 31 Steffen et al. 2004
R. J. Wassn.
- p. 32 Walker et al. 2009
T. Xepapadeous
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the co-author's surname is Butterfield. The p. 31 crop shows "Buttefield" and no "and" before the last author, which departs from the reference list's own style. The "Wassn" item in this cluster is the same as C058. The "Xepapadeous" item (p. 32, Walker et al. 2009) is visible on the page but its correct spelling also rests on outside knowledge.
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Missing comma after the first author's initial: "Tyrrell, T. B. Schneider, A. Charalampopoulou, and U. Riebesell. 2008." (should be 'Tyrrell, T., B. Schneider, ...').
- p. 31 Literature cited, Tyrrell et al. 2008
Tyrrell, T. B. Schneider, A. Charalampopoulou,
- p. 31 Tyrrell et al. 2008
Tyrrell, T. B. Schneider
Judge's note: Crop shows 'Tyrrell, T. B. Schneider' with no comma. Under the list's style a second author must carry initials, so the entry is defective on either reading; the Iglesias-Rodriguez entry on p27 lists the same person as 'T. Tyrrell', which supports the single initial.
Second check: none (judge only)
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Typo Reference Steffen et al. 2004 (p. 31) lists the last author as "R. J. Wassn"; this is probably R. J. Wasson.
- p. 31 Literature cited, Steffen et al. 2004
R. J. Wassn.
- p. 31
B. L. Turner, II, and R. J. Wassn. 2004. Global change
- p. 31
R. J. Wassn. 2004. Global change and the Earth
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the co-author's surname is Wasson. The p. 31 crop shows "R. J. Wassn."
Second check: another model agreed
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Typo Duplicated initial in Zillén et al. 2008: "Zillén, L., D. J. Conley, T. Andrén T., E. Andrén," (should be 'T. Andrén,').
- p. 32 Literature cited, Zillén et al. 2008
T. Andrén T., E. Andrén,
- p. 32
Zillén, L., D. J. Conley, T. Andrén T., E. Andrén,
Judge's note: Crop shows 'T. Andrén T., E. Andrén' with the initial T. both before and after the surname.
Second check: another model agreed