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Observation of a Discrete Time Crystal

2017 · paper · Physics

Reports a discrete time crystal in a chain of interacting trapped atomic ions driven periodically under many-body localization conditions. The system shows a response at a sub-harmonic of the drive frequency that is robust to perturbations.

Checked: PDF from arxiv.org, fetched 4 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.

2 findings

Substance Methods (page 7): "interaction strengths J0t2/(Wt3) = (0.72, 0.48, 0.24, 0.12)" is ten times the values used everywhere else, 2πJ0t2/(Wt3) = 0.072, 0.048, 0.024, 0.012 (Figs. 3(a), 4, 6, 8), and omits the 2π prefactor.
  • p. 7 Methods, 'Emergence of time crystal…', last paragraph
    J0t2/(Wt3) = (0.72, 0.48, 0.24, 0.12)
  • p. 4 Fig. 4 legend
    0.072
  • p. 9 Fig. 8 caption
    2πJ0t2/(Wt3) = 0.072
  • p. 3 Main text
    J0t2 < 0.04 rad

Judge's note: Checked the page 7 image against Fig. 3(a) labels (0.012, 0.024, 0.048, 0.072), the Fig. 4 legend, Fig. 6 labels and the Fig. 8 caption. The Fig. 2 caption gives the largest J0t2 = 0.036 rad and the main text gives Wt3 = π, so 2πJ0t2/(Wt3) = 0.072 and J0t2/(Wt3) is about 0.0115. Neither form gives 0.72. No other normalisation is defined in the text. The evident fix is 2πJ0t2/(Wt3) = (0.072, 0.048, 0.024, 0.012).

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Wording Fig. 7 caption says "(a) Without disorder, the interaction suppresses the beating.", but the Methods text says "with no disorder, the ions coherent dynamics tracks the perturbation ε, which results in coherent beats" and the "Without Disorder" panels show beat envelopes and a split Fourier peak.
  • p. 9 Fig. 7 caption (a)
    Without disorder, the interaction suppresses the beating.
  • p. 7 Methods, 'Emergence of time crystal…', second paragraph
    tracks the perturbation ε, which results in coherent beats
  • p. 7 Methods, 'Emergence of time crystal…'
    with no disorder, the ions coherent dynamics tracks the perturbation ε, which results in coherent beats
  • p. 9 Fig. 7 caption
    (a) Without disorder, the interaction suppresses the beating.

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: On the page 9 image, the "Without Disorder" experiment and numerics panels both show clear beat envelopes in the time traces and a double peak around 0.5 in the spectrum. The Methods sentence on page 7 describes Fig. 7(a) as showing coherent beats. The caption's wording is the opposite of both. The authors may have meant that the beats are damped relative to the non-interacting case in Fig. 2(a), but as printed the caption misdescribes the panel; the intended wording is for the authors to supply.

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16 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Reference or label Reference [36]: "Nature Communications 6, 7341 (2016)"; the year may not match volume 6.
  • p. 5 Reference [36]
    Nature Communications 6, 7341 (2016)

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that Nature Communications volume 6 is the 2015 volume. The page 5 image prints '6, 7341 (2016)' as quoted. Nothing in the files gives the true year, so this is a query for the authors.

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Reference or label Methods quotes a Fig. 5 label as “Strong random disorder” ("(“Strong random disorder” in Fig. 5)"), but the block in Fig. 5 is labelled "Programmable random disorder".
  • p. 6 Methods, Experimental time sequence, H3 paragraph
    (“Strong random disorder” in Fig. 5)
  • p. 8 Fig. 5, U3 block
    Programmable random disorder

Judge's note: Compared the page 6 text with the Fig. 5 image on page 8. The U3 block reads 'Programmable random disorder'. The other quoted labels (Initialization, Spin-spin interactions, Compensation, Prepare for measurement) match the figure. It is plainly the same block, so the mismatch is minor.

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Wording Fig. 5 labels the pulse train "101 Floquet periods", whereas Fig. 1 and its caption ("The system evolves for 100 Floquet periods"), the main text ("up to N = 100 Floquet periods") and the Methods ("After up-to 100 applica-tions", "evolve 100 Floquet periods") all say 100.
  • p. 8 Fig. 5, label under the pulse train
    101 Floquet periods
  • p. 1 Fig. 1 caption
    The system evolves for 100 Floquet periods
  • p. 6 Methods, Experimental time sequence
    After up-to 100 applica-
  • p. 3 main text
    up to N = 100 Floquet periods

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: The "101 Floquet periods" label is visible on the page 8 image of Fig. 5. The 100-period statements were found in the text for pages 1, 3 and 6. The caption of Fig. 5 only says "See text for detailed explanations", and nothing in the text explains a 101st period. The 101 may count sampled time points (t = 0 to 100), but the label says periods; only the authors can say which is meant.

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Wording Text says "a splitting in the Fourier spectrum by 2ε (Fig. 2(a))", but on the Fig. 2(a) axis (frequency in 1/T, ε = 0.03) the two peaks are about 0.03 to 0.04 apart, i.e. about ε, not 2ε = 0.06; the unit of the splitting is not stated.
  • p. 3 Left column, paragraph 'The global π-pulse…'
    splitting in the Fourier spectrum by
  • p. 2 Fig. 2(a) FFT spectrum, ε = 0.03
    ε = 0.03, W t3 = 0
  • p. 3 Main text, paragraph on the global π-pulse
    a splitting in the Fourier spectrum by 2ε (Fig. 2(a))

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Reworked: a rotation of π(1−ε) per period gives magnetization (−1)^n cos(nπε), so the peaks sit at 0.5 ± ε/2 in units of 1/T, a separation of ε = 0.03. In the Fig. 2(a) crop the peaks sit at about 0.48 and 0.52 with points spaced 0.01, consistent with 0.03 and not with 0.06. The 2ε would be right in another convention (for example angular frequency in units of π/T), and the text gives no unit, so this is a query about the convention, not a definite error.

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Wording Page 4: "the expected DTC to time crystal “melting” boundary" names the time crystal on both sides; the Fig. 3 caption calls it "the DTC to symmetry unbroken phase boundary".
  • p. 4 Main text, first paragraph
    the expected DTC to time crystal “melting” boundary
  • p. 3 Fig. 3 caption
    the DTC to symmetry unbroken phase boundary

Judge's note: Seen on the page 4 image and in the Fig. 3 caption on page 3. The phrase can be read as 'the DTC-to-(time-crystal-melting) boundary', which is redundant but not wrong, so this is a wording point only.

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Wording Page 7: "This damping can be due to two possible sources: one is the residual off-resonant drive of the disorder chapter…" announces two sources but never names a second.
  • p. 7 Methods, 'Emergence of time crystal…', third paragraph
    This damping can be due to two possible sources: one

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Read the paragraph on the page 7 image. After 'one is…' there is no 'the other'. The next sentence says this residual effect 'can behave like residual σx and σy terms, or coupling between the clock spin states and the Zeeman states', which may be the intended pair, but it is written as two forms of the one effect. Only the authors can say what the second source is.

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Typo Fig. 3 caption: "long-range interation term J0" should read "interaction".
  • p. 3 Fig. 3 caption (a)
    long-range interation term
  • p. 3 Fig. 3 caption
    long-range interation term J0

Judge's note: Seen on the page 3 image in the Fig. 3 caption; it is in the PDF, not an extraction artefact.

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Typo Methods says "We take the one standard deviation (67%) confidence interval in the sample"; for the Gaussian distribution the paper describes, one standard deviation covers 68.3%, usually written 68%.
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure, last paragraph
    deviation (67%) confidence interval
  • p. 3 Fig. 3 caption
    Grey shaded region indicates 90% confidence level
  • p. 7 Methods, data analysis
    one standard deviation (67%) confidence interval

Judge's note: Read on the page 7 image: the text prints "(67%)" just after stating that the sampled peak centres follow a Gaussian distribution. The Gaussian ±1σ coverage is 0.6827, so 68% is the conventional figure; 67% is a loose rounding and the meaning is unchanged. The second point raised (90% in the Fig. 3 caption against 67% here) is not a defect: the caption's 90% refers to the grey shaded region around the numerically determined phase boundary, whereas the 67% refers to the error bars on the fitted points in Fig. 3(b). These are different quantities.

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Typo Page 4: "auxilary probe" should read "auxiliary"; "entanglement that underly the DTC phase" should read "underlie".
  • p. 4 Left column, paragraph after Fig. 4
    auxilary probe
  • p. 4 Left column, paragraph after Fig. 4
    entanglement that underly the DTC phase

Judge's note: Both spellings seen on the page 4 image in the paragraph after Fig. 4.

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Typo Reference [30]: "& Kanp, M." appears to be a misspelling of the author name Knap.
  • p. 5 Reference [30]
    Kanp, M.
  • p. 5 Ref. [30]
    & Kanp, M.

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: that the co-author of arXiv:1607.07868 is M. Knap. The page 5 image prints 'Kanp, M.' as quoted; the files do not give the correct spelling.

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Typo Page 6: "Raman beatnode detuning to be 155 kHz" should read "beatnote".
  • p. 6 Methods Summary, Generating the effective Ising Hamiltonian, last sentence
    Raman beatnode detuning to be 155 kHz
  • p. 6 Generating the effective Ising Hamiltonian
    Raman beatnode detuning

Judge's note: Seen on the page 6 image. The same page uses 'beatnote' three times ('pair of beatnote frequencies', 'beatnote frequencies detuned 4.8 MHz', 'closest beatnote').

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Typo Page 6: "If the RF drive to these modulators is applied as a square pulse will be significantly broadened in the Fourier domain" lacks a subject for the main clause (e.g. "it will be").
  • p. 6 Methods, Pulse shaping, first paragraph
    is applied as a square pulse will
  • p. 6 Pulse shaping
    is applied as a square pulse will be significantly broadened

Judge's note: Seen on the page 6 image in the pulse-shaping section; a word is missing.

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Typo Misspelling: "We use the following phenomenologial lineshape" should read "phenomenological".
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure, before Eq. 5
    nomenologial lineshape
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure
    nomenologial lineshape, a Lorentzian of the log10(ϵ)
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure
    extracted peak centers ϵp
  • p. 7 Data analysis
    phenomenologial lineshape

Judge's note: Seen on the page 7 image, hyphenated across the line as "phe-nomenologial"; the letter c is missing. The ε/ϵ glyph switch raised in one reviewer note is handled under C018.

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Typo Symbol glyph is inconsistent: "a Lorentzian of the log10(ϵ)" and "extracted peak centers ϵp" use the lunate epsilon, whereas Eq. 5, the surrounding text ("boundary εp", "F(ε)") and Fig. 8 use ε.
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure
    a Lorentzian of the log10(ϵ)
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis, last paragraph
    extracted peak centers ϵp

Judge's note: On the page 7 image the two glyphs are visibly different: ϵ appears in "log10(ϵ)" and "ϵp", while ε appears in Eq. 5 and in the rest of the section. The same quantity is clearly meant, so this is cosmetic.

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Typo Grammar: "we average over the same 10 instance of disorder" should read "10 instances".
  • p. 7 Methods, Data analysis and fitting procedure, second paragraph
    the same 10 instance of disorder

Judge's note: Seen on the page 7 image. The very next sentence uses the plural correctly ("These 10 instances are averaged").

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Typo Misspelling in the Fig. 7 caption: "Left: experimnetal result for one single instance" should read "experimental".
  • p. 9 Fig. 7 caption (b)
    experimnetal result
  • p. 9 Fig. 7 caption
    experimnetal result for one single instance

Judge's note: Clearly legible in the enlarged crop of the Fig. 7 caption and on the page 9 image.

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