Pd(II)-Catalyzed C–H Activation/C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions: Versatility and Practicality
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009 · paper · Chemistry
A review of palladium-catalyzed reactions that convert C–H bonds into C–C bonds. It outlines four catalytic modes and focuses on Pd(II)/Pd(0) coupling with organometallic reagents, noting that improving versatility and practicality remains challenging.
1 finding
Substance Scheme 52 (Fagnou 2007): the starting material is drawn as 5-MeO-N-acetylindole, but the product ("84% yield") is drawn as 3-phenyl-N-acetylindole with no MeO group.
- p. 69 Scheme 52, Fagnou 2007 equation
84% yield
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: On the p.69 page image, the substrate clearly carries MeO on the benzo ring and the product has no substituent other than Ph at C3 and Ac on N. A C3 C–H arylation would keep the methoxy group, so one of the two structures is drawn wrongly. Only the authors can say which one is intended.
Second check: another model agreed
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27 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Reference or label Ref. 71: "Wang DH, Mei TS, Yu JQ. J Am Chem Soc 2008;130ASAP" has no page number or DOI, and the separator is missing.
- p. 16 Reference 71
J Am Chem Soc 2008;130ASAP
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: The p.16 crop shows the entry as quoted. It gives a volume but only 'ASAP' in place of pages, so the citation is incomplete. This is an author manuscript and the reference was probably in press, but only the authors can supply the final pages.
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Wording "the C–H insertion intermediates are different from the commonly obtained cyclopalladated complexes in that the latter have unusually high thermodynamic stability. The stability of such C–H insertion intermediates is beneficial…but may also cause difficulties for further functionalization" leaves unclear which intermediate is the stable one.
- p. 8 Section 6.4
in that the latter have unusually high thermodynamic
- p. 8 Section 6.4, paragraph after Scheme 46
the latter have unusually high thermodynamic stability. The stability of such C–H insertion intermediates is beneficial
- p. 2 Introduction, CIPE paragraph
thermodynamic stability of the resulting intermediates in the case of the CIPE is generally much lower
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: On p8, 'the latter' assigns high stability to the cyclopalladated complexes. The next sentence attributes the double-edged stability to 'such C–H insertion intermediates', and p2 says CIPE intermediates' stability 'is generally much lower'. The second sentence most likely refers to the cyclopalladated complexes, but as written the referent is ambiguous. The authors should clarify.
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Wording "triflate-protected arylalkylamines" (p3) and "triflate-protected phenylalkyl amines" (p9) describe NHTf triflamide (triflyl) substrates, as Scheme 13 shows.
- p. 3 Section 2
triflate-protected arylalkylamines
- p. 9 Section 6.4
triflate-protected phenylalkyl amines
- p. 30 Scheme 13
NHTf
- p. 12 Section 7, Conclusions
of simple substrates with this Pd(II)/Pd(0) coupling such as carboxylic acids and amines, has
Judge's note: Scheme 13 (p30) draws ArCH2(CH2)nNHTf, and the p3 sentence itself calls these 'triflamide groups'. 'Triflate-protected' is a loose name for an N-triflyl group. This is a minor nomenclature point. The second reviewer's point about the conclusions ('carboxylic acids and amines, has been achieved', p12) is a matter of how strongly the claim is put: p9 does report that these amines 'similarly undergo successful ortho-coupling under identical conditions' as ongoing work. I do not adopt it as a separate defect.
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Wording "despite the early proposal of the existence of this oxidation state[26,27]" refers to Pd(IV), but ref 26 is annotated "For early proposal of formation of Pt(IV) complexes" and "For oxidation of Pt(II) to Pt(IV)".
- p. 3 Section 3, first paragraph
despite the early proposal of the existence of this oxidation state[26,27]
- p. 14 Reference 26
For early proposal of formation of Pt(IV) complexes, see: Pope WJ, Peachy SJ.
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I checked the p3 sentence and the ref 26 entry on p14. Both parts of ref 26 are explicitly about platinum. The authors may intend the Pt(IV) precedent as an analogy, but as written 'this oxidation state' means Pd(IV). The authors should clarify.
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Wording Scheme 44, captioned "A working model for table salt-promoted C–H insertion", draws model structures A and B with K+, while the text says "In our working model, the sodium cation coordinates with the carboxylate group".
- p. 61 Scheme 44, structures A and B; caption
A working model for table salt-promoted C–H insertion
- p. 8 Section 6.4
In our working model, the sodium cation coordinates with the carboxylate group
Judge's note: On p.61, A and B show K⊕ on the carboxylate; only the lower equation uses Na. The text on p.8 describes the model with Na+ but also says a wide range of counter-ions, including Na+ and K+, are effective. So drawing K+ is chemically defensible, but it does not match the caption and the text. This is a minor consistency point.
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Wording Text says "the scope of heterocyclic boronic acids is still limited (Table 3). As shown for pyridyl boronic acid substrates", but Table 3 is "Coupling with heterocyclic trifluoroborates" using a pyridyl–BF3K reagent.
- p. 9 Section 6.4
As shown for pyridyl boronic acid substrates, 2,6-disubstitution is required
- p. 90 Table 3 title
Coupling with heterocyclic trifluoroborates
- p. 9 Section 6.4, paragraph on phenyl acetic acids
Currently, the scope of heterocyclic boronic acids is still limited (Table 3). As shown for pyridyl boronic acid substrates
Judge's note: I checked p9 and Table 3 on p90. The table's reagent is a 2-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-3-yl BF3K salt. The paper distinguishes ArBF3K from boronic acids elsewhere (p8, Table 1), so 'boronic acids' misnames the reagent class used in Table 3.
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Typo Duplicated 'by': "promote C–H insertion driven by not only by traditional cyclopalladation" should read "driven not only by".
- p. 2 Introduction, 2nd paragraph
driven by not only by traditional
Judge's note: I checked the p2 crop. The doubled 'by' appears in the rendered text.
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Typo Misspelling: "a combination of C–H acidity and steric hinderance seem to govern" should read "hindrance".
- p. 3 Section 2, last paragraph
hinderance
- p. 3 Section 2, meta-olefination paragraph
steric hinderance
- p. 3 Section 2, meta-C–H activation paragraph
steric hinderance seem to govern
Judge's note: I checked the p3 crop. The text reads 'steric hinderance'. All three locators point to this single occurrence in the meta-olefination paragraph.
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Typo Scheme 15 caption: "meta-Selective olefination of electronic-deficient arenes" should read 'electron-deficient'.
- p. 32 Scheme 15 caption
electronic-deficient arenes
- p. 32 Scheme 15 caption
meta-Selective olefination of electronic-deficient arenes
- p. 3 Section 2 text
C–H activation of electron-deficient arenes
Judge's note: The p.32 crop shows 'electronic-deficient'. The text on p.3 uses 'electron-deficient arenes'.
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Typo Section 4 heading "…Aryl Iodides: Pd(0)//Pd(II)/Pd (IV) Catalysis" has a doubled slash; it should be Pd(0)/Pd(II)/Pd(IV).
- p. 4 Section 4 heading
Pd(0)//Pd(II)/Pd
- p. 4 Section 4 heading
Pd(0)//Pd(II)/Pd (IV) Catalysis
Judge's note: The p4 crop shows the double slash in the rendered heading. The conclusions write 'Pd(0)/Pd(II)/Pd(IV)'.
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Typo Missing 'of': "after the completion the asymmetric catalytic iodination reaction" should read "completion of the".
- p. 4 Section 3, 2nd paragraph
after the completion the asymmetric
- p. 4
the isolation of quantitative amounts of PdI2 after the completion the asymmetric
Judge's note: I checked the p4 crop. The word is missing in the rendered text.
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Typo Citation printed unbracketed: "bromides (Scheme 31).7i However" should be "[7i]".
- p. 5 Section 5, Scheme 31 paragraph
bromides (Scheme 31).7i However
- p. 5 Section 5, pivalic acid paragraph
(Scheme 31).7i However
Judge's note: The p5 crop shows the plain '7i' in-line, while every other citation in the text is bracketed.
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Typo Superfluous 'for': "this finding inspired for our own recent studies" should read "inspired our own recent studies".
- p. 5 Section 5, last paragraph
this finding inspired for our own recent studies
Judge's note: I checked the p5 crop. The extra 'for' is in the rendered text.
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Typo Scheme 30 caption: "ortho-Arylation of benzanilides, benzadehydes and benzoic acids" misspells 'benzaldehydes'.
- p. 47 Scheme 30 caption
benzadehydes
- p. 47 Scheme 30 caption
ortho-Arylation of benzanilides, benzadehydes and benzoic acids
- p. 5 Section 5 text
benzanilides, benzaldehydes and benzoic acids
Judge's note: The p.47 crop shows 'benzadehydes'. The text on p.5 spells it 'benzaldehydes'.
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Typo Missing article: "carboxylic acids and alcohols was major hurdle to clear" should read "was a major hurdle".
- p. 8 Section 6.4, 1st paragraph
was major hurdle to clear
Judge's note: I checked on the p8 page image.
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Typo Missing article: "the presence of wide range of cationic counter ions" should read "a wide range".
- p. 8 Section 6.4, 3rd paragraph
the presence of wide range of cationic counter ions
Judge's note: I checked on the p8 page image.
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Typo Section 6.7: "has also emerged as promising asymmetric C–H amination method" lacks the article 'a'.
- p. 11 Section 6.7, 1st paragraph
emerged as promising asymmetric C–H amination method
Judge's note: The crop of p.11 shows the sentence exactly as quoted. It should read 'as a promising … method'.
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Typo Scheme 57 caption reads "Desymmetrization of germinal aryl and methyl groups"; should be "geminal", as in the Section 6.7 text ("geminal aryl or methyl groups").
- p. 74 Scheme 57 caption
Desymmetrization of germinal aryl and methyl groups
- p. 11 Section 6.7 text
prochiral C–H bonds on geminal aryl or methyl groups
Judge's note: The page-74 crop shows the caption spelled 'germinal'. The body text on p11 uses 'geminal', which is the correct chemical term. This is a plain misspelling.
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Typo Section 7: "a promising set of synthetic transformation for the assembly of carbon–carbon bonds" should read 'transformations'.
- p. 12 Section 7, first sentence
a promising set of synthetic transformation
- p. 12 Conclusions
a promising set of synthetic transformation for the assembly
Judge's note: Seen on the page 12 crop, first sentence of Conclusions and Outlook. 'set of' needs the plural.
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Typo p.12: "a process that hinges upon the bisdentate coordination of the ligand" should read 'bidentate'.
- p. 12 Section 6.7
bisdentate coordination of the ligand
- p. 12
a process that hinges upon the bisdentate coordination of the ligand
Judge's note: The p.12 crop shows 'bisdentate'. The standard term is 'bidentate'.
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Typo Conclusions bullet: "Although, this goal may seem elusive based the results of our laboratory to date" is missing 'on' (and has a stray comma after 'Although').
- p. 13 Conclusions, last bullet
based the results of our laboratory
- p. 13 Conclusions, enantioselective bullet
based the results of our laboratory to date
Judge's note: The p.13 crop shows 'based the results' with no 'on' and 'Although,' with a comma.
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Typo Acknowledgments: "the U.S. National Institute of Health (NIGMS, 1 R01 GM084019-01A1)" uses the singular 'Institute'.
- p. 13 Acknowledgments
the U.S. National Institute of Health
- p. 13 Acknowledgments
National Institute of Health
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the agency's official name is 'National Institutes of Health'. The p.13 crop shows 'National Institute of Health' as quoted.
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Typo Ref. 73 "Beak P, Snieckus V. Acc Chem Res 1982;15:306." duplicates ref. 8a.
- p. 16 Reference 73
73. Beak P, Snieckus V. Acc Chem Res 1982;15:306.
- p. 14 Reference 8a
Beak P, Snieckus V. Acc Chem Res 1982;15:306.
- p. 14 Reference 8a
a) Beak P, Snieckus V. Acc Chem Res 1982;15:306.
Judge's note: The p.16 crop (ref. 73) and the p.14 crop (ref. 8a) show identical bibliographic data. Listing the same work twice is a copy-editing redundancy only; no citation points to the wrong work.
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Typo Ref. 86 (Whisler MC, MacNeil S, Snieckus V, Beak P. … Angew Chem Int Ed 2004;43:2206) duplicates ref. 8d.
- p. 17 Reference 86
Angew Chem Int Ed 2004;43:2206.
- p. 14 Reference 8d
Angew Chem Int Ed 2004;43:2206.
- p. 17 Reference 86
Whisler MC, MacNeil S, Snieckus V, Beak P.
- p. 14 Reference 8d
d) Whisler MC, MacNeil S, Snieckus V, Beak P. Angew Chem Int Ed 2004;43:2206.
Judge's note: The p.17 crop (ref. 86) and the p.14 crop (ref. 8d) cite the same article. Ref. 86 also gives the German edition and adds context ('For enantioselective lithiation…'). This is a redundancy, not a wrong citation.
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Typo Ref. 38b: "Crdenas DJ, Martn-Matute B, Echavarren AM" has accented letters missing from the author names.
- p. 15 Reference 38b
Crdenas DJ, Martn-Matute B
- p. 15 Reference 38b
Crdenas DJ, Martn-Matute B, Echavarren AM
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the names are Cárdenas and Martín-Matute. On the p.15 page image the letters are missing from the rendered text itself ('Crdenas', 'Martn-Matute'), so this is not an extraction artefact. Ref. 7j on p.14 renders 'García' correctly, which suggests the drop is specific to this entry.
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Typo Ref. 94: author list printed as "Kakiuchi F, Gendre PL, Yamada yA, Ohtaki H, Murai S", with garbled names.
- p. 17 Reference 94
Gendre PL, Yamada
- p. 17 Reference 94
Gendre PL, Yamada yA, Ohtaki H
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: the authors are Le Gendre P and Yamada A. The p.17 crop shows 'Gendre PL, Yamada yA' on the page. 'yA' is plainly malformed whatever the correct name is.
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Typo Scheme header author initials are inconsistent: "Giri, R.; Yu, J. 2007" (Scheme 46) and "Chen, X.; Yu, J. Q. 2006" (Scheme 41), against "Yu, J.-Q." elsewhere (e.g. the first header of Scheme 46).
- p. 63 Scheme 46, second header
Giri, R.; Yu, J. 2007
- p. 58 Scheme 41 header
Chen, X.; Yu, J. Q. 2006
Judge's note: Checked on the p.63 and p.58 page images. Scheme 46 shows 'Maugel, N.; Yu, J.-Q.' and then 'Giri, R.; Yu, J.'; Scheme 41 shows 'Yu, J. Q.'. This is cosmetic.
Second check: none (judge only)