Theory of Superconductivity
1957 · paper · Physics
Presents a theory of superconductivity based on attractive electron interactions mediated by phonons. Electrons pair with opposite spin and momentum, giving an energy gap, a second-order phase transition and a Meissner effect, with specific heats and penetration depths reported in good agreement with experiment.
Checked: PDF from web.archive.org, fetched 5 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.
12 findings
Substance Eq. (5.54) prints 'λ_L(T) = (4π/Λ_Tc²)^½', the reciprocal of the penetration depth given by Eq. (1.2) 'λ_L² = Λc²/4π', Eq. (C37) 'K(q) = λ_L⁻²(T) = 4π/(Λ_Tc²)' and the Fig. 7 caption 'λ_L(T) = (Λ_Tc²/4π)^½'.
- p. 22 Eq. (5.54)
λ_L(T)=(4π/Λ_Tc²)^½
- p. 23 Fig. 7 caption
λ_L(T)=(Λ_Tc²/4π)^½
- p. 3 Eq. (1.2)
λ_L²=Λc²/4π
- p. 22 Eq. (5.54)
λL(T) = (4π/ΛTc²)½
Judge's note: I read all four places on the page images. Page 3 Eq. (1.2) gives λ_L² = Λc²/4π. On page 22 the sentence before (5.54) says K(q) is the constant 4π/Λ_Tc², and (5.54) then prints (4π/Λ_Tc²) raised to +½, with no minus sign visible in the image or in the text layer. The Fig. 7 caption on page 23 and (C37) on page 28 give the form consistent with (1.2); the minus in λ_L⁻² of (C37) is clearly visible at the same resolution. As printed, (5.54) is 1/λ_L; the argument should be inverted or the exponent should be −½. A minus sign too faint to survive the scan cannot be fully excluded.
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Substance After Eq. (5.54): 'this reduces to the London value (mc²/4πne²) at T=0°K' gives the London penetration depth without the square root; by Eq. (1.2) and Λ = m/ne² this expression is λ_L², not λ_L.
- p. 22 Sec. V, Penetration Depths, sentence after Eq. (5.54)
value (mc²/4πne²) at T=0°K
- p. 22 Sec. V, sentence after Eq. (5.54)
this reduces to the London value (mc²/4πne²) at T=0°K
- p. 3 Introduction, Eq. (1.2) and following
this approach gives Λ=m/ne²
Judge's note: On the page 22 image the parenthesis closes with no exponent before 'at T=0°K'. Page 3 gives λ_L² = Λc²/4π and Λ = m/ne², so λ_L² = mc²/(4πne²) and the depth itself is (mc²/4πne²)^½. The printed expression has dimensions of length squared, while the sentence is about the penetration depth λ_L(T).
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Substance Text after Eq. (2.42): "In the strong-coupling limit, (2.42) gives the correct result, −N(0)(ħω)²V"; expanding (2.42) for N(0)V≫1 gives −[N(0)]²(ħω)²V.
- p. 8 Sec. II, paragraph after Eq. (2.42)
−N(0)(ħω)²V, for the average interaction
- p. 8 Eq. (2.42)
(2.42)
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Read (2.42) and the following text on the PDF page 8 image and crop; N(0) carries no superscript 2 in the quoted limit. My reworking: (2.42) is W0 = −2N(0)(ħω)²/(e^{2/N(0)V} − 1). For N(0)V≫1 the denominator tends to 2/(N(0)V), so W0 tends to −[N(0)]²(ħω)²V. The left-hand form of (2.42) gives the same with ε0 ≈ ħω·N(0)V from (2.40). N(0)V is dimensionless throughout (e.g. 2.39), so the printed expression is also dimensionally an energy squared. The printed limit is missing one factor of N(0).
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Substance Eq. (C40) 'Λ/Λ_T = 0.23β_c²ε0²(T) = 2(1−t)', said to follow 'from (C22) and (3.49)', does not agree with Eq. (3.49) (dε0²/dβ|Tc = 10.2/β_c³) or Eq. (3.31) (ε0 = 3.2kTc[1−(T/Tc)]^½): those give a coefficient of about 0.196, or equivalently 0.23β_c²ε0² ≈ 2.35(1−t).
- p. 28 Appendix C, Eq. (C40)
Λ/Λ_T=0.23β_c²ε0²(T)=2(1−t)
- p. 12 Eq. (3.31)
ε0=3.2kT_c[1−(T/T_c)]^½
- p. 13 Eq. (3.49)
10.2
- p. 28 Appendix C, Eq. (C40)
Λ/ΛT=0.23βc²ε0²(T)=2(1−t)
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: I read (C22) on page 27 (Λ_T/Λ = (1/ε0)d(βε0)/dβ), (3.49) on the page 13 crop (10.2/β_c³), (3.31) on page 12 (coefficient 3.2) and (C40) on page 28 (0.23, clear in both image and text layer). My reworking: near Tc, ε0² ≈ 10.2(β−β_c)/β_c³ ≈ 10.2(1−t)/β_c². From (C22), Λ_T/Λ = 1 + (β/2ε0²)dε0²/dβ ≈ 10.2/(2β_c²ε0²). So Λ/Λ_T = (2/10.2)β_c²ε0² = 0.196β_c²ε0² = 2(1−t). The equality with 2(1−t) holds for any gap coefficient, but the printed 0.23 does not match the paper's own 10.2: 0.23 × 10.2 = 2.35, not 2. For 0.23 to hold, the near-Tc gap coefficient squared would have to be about 8.7, not 10.2. The 0.23 is carried forward: 3/(2 × 0.23 × 1.75) = 3.73, matching the 3.75π in (C43). Only the authors can say whether 0.23 or the 10.2/3.2 of Sec. III is the intended value.
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Substance Eq. (3.50) prints the relative specific-heat jump "=1.52", but (3.47) with (3.49) "10.2/βc³" and (3.42) gives 10.2/(2π²/3) ≈ 1.55, and (3.52) "=19.4" corresponds to 19.4/4π ≈ 1.54.
- p. 13 Eq. (3.50)
=1.52.
- p. 13 Eq. (3.49)
10.2
- p. 13 Eq. (3.52)
=19.4,
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Read (3.42), (3.47), (3.49), (3.50), (3.51) and (3.52) on the PDF page 13 image. The jump is kN(0)βc²·10.2/βc³ = 10.2N(0)k²Tc; dividing by γTc = (2/3)π²N(0)k²Tc gives 10.2/6.580 = 1.55. From (3.51), (1/γ)(dHc/dT)² = 4π × jump/(γTc): 1.52 would give 19.1, while the printed 19.4 corresponds to about 1.54. Rounding of 10.2 (10.15 to 10.25) gives 1.54 to 1.56, never 1.52. The Fig. 3 note added in proof (intercept 2.52, PDF page 14) follows the 1.52 value. The paper offers no explanation; which of 10.2, 1.52 and 19.4 is off is for the authors to say.
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Substance Eq. (3.38) prints the bracket "{1−β²∫0^∞ dε[(2ε²+ε0²)/E]f(βE)}" multiplying −(π²/3)N(0)(kT)²; Fn − Fs from (3.33) and (3.37) requires a factor 6/π² in front of β²∫.
- p. 13 Eq. (3.38), second line
1−β²
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Read (3.33) and (3.37) on PDF page 12 and (3.38) on PDF page 13; no 6/π² factor appears in the brace. My reworking: Fn − Fs = −(π²/3)N(0)(kT)² + 2N(0)∫dε[(2ε²+ε0²)/E]f(βE) + N(0)(ħω)²{[1+(ε0/ħω)²]^½ − 1}. Factoring −(π²/3)N(0)(kT)² out of the first two terms leaves {1 − (6/π²)β²∫…}. Check at ε0 = 0 (T = Tc): β²∫0^∞ 2ε f(βε)dε = π²/6, so the correct bracket vanishes (Hc = 0), while the printed bracket gives 1 − π²/6 ≈ −0.645. Eq. (3.43) is consistent with the corrected form, so the slip is confined to (3.38) as printed. Read from the full page image only; no crop was available.
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Substance Text after Eq. (3.55) gives "a=9.10 and b=1.50" for the empirical law Ces/(γTc)=a·exp(−bTc/T), while the same curve in Fig. 4 is labelled "9.17 exp[−1.50 Tc/T]".
- p. 14 Text after Eq. (3.55)
where a=9.10 and
- p. 14 Fig. 4, curve label
9.17 exp
- p. 14 text after Eq. (3.55)
where a=9.10 and b=1.50
- p. 14 Fig. 4 curve label
9.17 exp[-1.50 Tc/T]
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: Crop C013-a shows both on PDF page 14: the text reads "a=9.10 and b=1.50" and the Fig. 4 curve label reads "9.17 exp[−1.50 Tc/T]". The caption says the simple exponential fits tin and vanadium for Tc/T>1.4, the same fit as in the text, so the prefactor is one quantity printed two ways. Which value is right cannot be settled from the paper. The separate point that b=1.50 differs from the 1.44 in (3.54) is not a defect: the text only claims "good agreement" between the empirical and theoretical values.
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Substance Eq. (C36) prints the prefactor as '3π²ε0/(qc²Λħv0)'; Eqs. (C26) with (C29), the term 16ε0/(π²qħv0) inside its own brace, and the T=0 form (C39) all require 3π³ε0/(qc²Λħv0).
- p. 28 Appendix C, Eq. (C36)
3π²ε0
- p. 28 Appendix C, Eq. (C39)
4qλ_L²(0)ξ0
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: All equations read on the page 28 image. My reworking: (C26) has prefactor 6πε0²/(qc²Λħv0). Its first term, with ∫g(b)db/b = ½π² from (C29), gives 6πε0² × (1−2f(ε0))/ε0 × π²/2 = 3π³ε0(1−2f(ε0)). Its second term, using (C34) with ε1 = ½qħv0, gives 6πε0² × (8/qħv0) ln(πqξ0) = 48πε0² ln(πqξ0)/(qħv0). Dividing by 3π³ε0 gives 16ε0/(π²qħv0), exactly the term printed in the brace, so the brace presupposes π³ outside. Cross-check with (C39): 3π/(4qλ_L²(0)ξ0), with 1/λ_L² = 4π/(Λc²) and 1/ξ0 = πε0/ħv0, equals 3π³ε0/(qc²Λħv0), and the brace term becomes 16/(π³qξ0) as printed there. The printed prefactor is therefore short by a factor of π. I read the exponent on π in (C36) as 2 at page-image resolution, while the 3 in π³ of (C39) is distinguishable; the text layer is garbled there, so a higher-resolution scan would make the reading certain. The later results (C39) and (C43) are consistent with π³, so this looks like a misprint confined to (C36).
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Reference or label "The ratio of the energy gap at T=0°K to kTc is given by combining (2.36) and (3.28): 2ε0/kTc=3.50"; Eq. (2.36) is [h(1−h)]^½ = ε0/2(ε²+ε0²)^½ and does not give the size of ε0, which is in (2.40).
- p. 12 Sec. III, sentence before Eq. (3.30)
is given by combining (2.36) and (3.28):
- p. 12 Sec. III, sentence before Eq. (3.30)
is given by combining (2.36) and (3.28)
- p. 8 Eqs. (2.36) and (2.40)
(2.36)
- p. 12 text before Eq. (3.30)
to kTc is given by combining (2.36) and (3.28):
Only the authors can say what is right here.
Judge's note: On the PDF page 8 image, (2.36) is the expression for [h_k(1−h_k)]^½; the T=0 gap is fixed only by (2.39)/(2.40), ε0 = ħω/sinh[1/N(0)V]. On PDF page 12, (3.28)/(3.29) give kTc = 1.14ħω exp[−1/N(0)V]. In weak coupling 2ε0 ≈ 4ħω exp[−1/N(0)V], so the ratio is 4/1.14 ≈ 3.5, which matches (3.30). The (3.28) half of the pointer is acceptable because (3.29) is its closed form; (2.36) looks like a slip for (2.40) or (2.39), but only the authors can say which was meant.
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Reference or label "Thus (3.26) can be used to determine the critical temperature and we find" (3.28): Eq. (3.26) is the density of states dN(E)/dE; the gap condition that yields (3.28) is (3.27).
- p. 12 Sec. III, paragraph after Eq. (3.27)
Thus (3.26) can be used to determine the critical temperature and we find
- p. 11 Eq. (3.26)
which is singular at the edges of the gap
- p. 12 paragraph before Eq. (3.28)
Thus (3.26) can be used to determine the critical temperature
Judge's note: Crop C007-b of PDF page 11 shows (3.26) is dN(E)/dE = N(0)E/(E²−ε0²)^½, the modified density of states. On PDF page 12, (3.27) is the gap equation 1/N(0)V = ∫dε tanh[½β(ε²+ε0²)^½]/(ε²+ε0²)^½, and the preceding sentences all cite (3.27). Eq. (3.28) is (3.27) with ε0 = 0. The pointer should be (3.27).
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Reference or label "The critical field is given by combining (3.31), (3.32), and (3.37):" (3.38); Eq. (3.31) is the near-Tc gap formula, whereas (3.38) uses the normal-state free energy (3.33).
- p. 13 Sec. III, sentence introducing Eq. (3.38)
The critical field is given by combining (3.31), (3.32), and (3.37):
- p. 12 Eqs. (3.31) and (3.33)
(3.31)
Judge's note: On PDF page 12, (3.31) is ε0 = 3.2kTc[1−(T/Tc)]^½, (3.32) is Hc²/8π = Fn − Fs, (3.33) is Fn = −(π²/3)N(0)(kT)², and (3.37) is Fs. On PDF page 13, (3.38) explicitly contains the term (π²/3)N(0)(kT)² from (3.33) together with the terms of (3.37), and nothing from (3.31). The first equation number should be (3.33).
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Reference or label Table IV footnote a: 'Ratios in columns 5 and 7 are taken from Fig. 6.' should point to Fig. 7; the body text on the same page says 'using Fig. 7, have determined λ(0)/λ_L(0) for these two metals (Table IV)'.
- p. 23 Table IV, footnote a
Ratios in columns 5 and 7 are taken from Fig. 6.
- p. 23 Sec. V text
Fig. 7, have determined λ(0)/λ_L(0) for these two metals
- p. 23 Sec. V text below Table IV
using Fig. 7, have determined
- p. 22 Fig. 6 caption
The temperature variation of the penetration depth
Judge's note: I read the footnote on the crop. Columns 5 and 7 are λ/λ_L for specular reflection and random scattering. Fig. 6 on page 22 plots [λ∞(0)/λ∞(T)]² against t = T/Tc and contains no λ/λ_L versus ξ0/λ_L information. Fig. 7 on page 23 plots λ(T)/λ_L(T) against ξ0/λ_L(T) for both boundary conditions, and the body text names Fig. 7 as the source for Table IV. The footnote's figure number is wrong.
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7 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Typo Misspelling on p. 1177: "Our wave functions for the suerconducting phase" should read "superconducting".
- p. 3 Sec. I, second paragraph of the page
Our wave functions for the suerconducting phase
- p. 3
Our wave functions for the suerconducting phase give a coherence
Judge's note: Read on the full page image of PDF page 3 (left column, second paragraph). The word is printed "suerconducting" without the p, so it is not an extraction artefact.
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Typo Misspelling on p. 1178: "properties can be expressed approximatly in terms of a small number of parameters" should read "approximately".
- p. 4 Sec. I, law of corresponding states paragraph
properties can be expressed approximatly in terms of a
- p. 4
expressed approximatly in terms of a
Judge's note: Read on the full page image of PDF page 4 (left column, second paragraph). The word is printed "approximatly".
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Typo Footnote 26 prints "See A. P. Pippard, Advances in Electronics" while the adjacent footnote 25 (and footnote 5) print "A. B. Pippard".
- p. 4 Footnote 26
See A. P. Pippard, Advances in Electronics
- p. 4 Footnote 25
T. E. Faber and A. B. Pippard
Judge's note: Read on the page image of PDF page 4: footnote 25 has "T. E. Faber and A. B. Pippard" and footnote 26 has "A. P. Pippard". The layout text for footnote 5 on page 1 also gives "A. B. Pippard". The inconsistency is internal to the paper; two of the three occurrences give A. B., so footnote 26 is the odd one.
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Typo Misspelling on p. 1182: "of importance in describing the superconducing phase" should read "superconducting".
- p. 8 Sec. II, first paragraph of the page
of importance in describing the superconducing phase.
- p. 8
describing the guperconducing phase
Judge's note: Read on crop C006-b. The page prints "superconducing" without the t. The leading "g" in the text layer ("guperconducing") is an OCR artefact and is not part of the defect.
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Typo Table II, block (a), row "+ −": energy difference printed "E+E"; it should be "E+E′".
- p. 15 Table II, block (a), row '+ −', column 'Energy difference'
E+E
Judge's note: On the PDF page 15 image the entry reads "E+E" with no prime, while the neighbouring rows read E−E′, E′−E and −(E+E′), and the corresponding rows of blocks (b) to (d) read E+E′. The layout text agrees ("E+E" on that row). Using the rule stated under the table (2E for an excited pair, E for single occupancy, zero for a ground pair): initial X0 XX has energy E+2E′, final XX X0 has E′, so Wi−Wf = E+E′. Read from the full page image only; a very faint prime lost in the scan cannot be wholly excluded.
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Typo Page 23: 'The calculations are based on use of the asym-totic forms for K(q)' is a misspelling of 'asymptotic' (the 'p' is missing across the line break).
- p. 23 Sec. V, paragraph on Fig. 7
use of the asym-
Judge's note: The crop shows the line ending 'asym-' and the next line beginning 'totic forms'. That spells 'asymtotic'. On page 28 the word is printed correctly as 'asymptotic form (C36)'.
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Typo Appendix A, after Eq. (A11): 'total number of valance electrons in the system' should read 'valence electrons'.
- p. 25 Appendix A, paragraph after Eq. (A11)
total number of valance electrons in the system
Judge's note: The crop of page 25 clearly shows 'valance electrons'.
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