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Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen

Zeitschrift f�r Physik, 1925 · paper · Physics

Attempts to build a quantum-theoretical mechanics based only on relationships between quantities that are observable in principle, rather than unobservable ones such as electron position or orbital period. Restricts the treatment to problems with one degree of freedom.

15 findings

Substance The quantum frequency on p. 3 is printed without the factor 1/h: "ν (n, n – α) = {W (n) – W (n – α)}".
  • p. 3 First displayed equation
    ν (n, n – α) = {W (n) – W (n – α)}
  • p. 8 §2, energy-integral paragraph
    ∆W = h ⋅ν

Judge's note: The p. 3 image shows nothing in front of the braces. The classical counterpart directly below has α·(1/h)·dW/dn, and p. 8 states "ΔW = h·ν". The paper does not set h = 1 anywhere, so the displayed formula is dimensionally inconsistent with the rest of the paper. Evident fix: prefactor 1/h.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance In the first formula for M on p. 9, the second term in the braces is printed "| a(n, n+α) |² ν(n, n−α) / (ν²(n, n−α) − ν²)"; the amplitude should be a(n, n−α).
  • p. 9 First displayed formula for M
    | a(n, n+α) |² ν (n, n−α) / (ν² (n, n−α) − ν²)
  • p. 9 Second displayed formula for M
    | a(n, n−α) |² ν (n, n−α)
  • p. 9 first displayed formula for M
    | a(n, n+α) |² ν(n, n−α)

Judge's note: Viewed the crop and the full page. Both numerators in the first formula carry |a(n,n+α)|², while the second term's frequency and denominator use (n,n−α). The limiting formula on the next line and eq. (16) on p. 8 both pair |a(n,n−α)|² with ν(n,n−α), so the stated limit does not follow from the first formula as printed. Evident fix: a(n,n−α) in the second term.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Quantum Ansatz after eq. (17): the general term is printed "…, λ^(τ−1) a (n, n − 1) cos ω (n, n − 1) t, …"; the indices should be (n, n − τ).
  • p. 9 Quantum-theoretical Ansatz after eq. (17), second line
    …, λτ−1 a (n, n − 1) cos ω (n, n − 1) t, …
  • p. 9 quantum Ansatz, last displayed line
    λτ−1 a (n, n − 1) cos ω (n, n − 1) t

Judge's note: Page 9 image shows the general term with (n, n−1) in both a and ω. The τ=1 term a(n,n−1) cos ω(n,n−1)t is already listed without a λ factor, the classical series has λ^(τ−1) a_τ cos τωt, and eq. (21) on p. 11 uses a(n, n−τ). The same classical line also prints "λ a0 cos 2ωt" where a2 is expected.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (19), first line: "ω0² a0(n) + [a²(n+1, n) + a²(n, n−1)] / 2 = 0" has denominator 2; the product rule (7) and the classical limit (18) "ω0² a0(n) + a1²(n)/2 = 0" require 4.
  • p. 10 Eq. (19), first line
    ω0² a0(n) + [a²(n+1, n) + a²(n, n−1)] / 2 = 0
  • p. 10 Eq. (18), first line
    ω0² a0(n) + a1²(n) / 2 = 0
  • p. 10 Eq. (19), first line
    a²(n+1, n) + a²(n, n−1) / 2

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 10 image shows denominator 2. Reworked: with x containing a(n,n−1) cos ω(n,n−1)t, the exponential amplitudes are a/2, so by (7) the constant term of x² is a²(n,n−1)/4 + a²(n+1,n)/4. For large n both a² tend to a1², giving a1²/2 as in (18); as printed the limit is a1², twice the classical value. Lines 3 and 4 of (19) do reduce to (18) (a·a/2 → a1²/2; two terms each a1a2/2 → a1a2), so the normalisation is not the cause.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Classical Ansatz for ẍ + ω0²x + λx³ = 0: "x = a1 cos ω t + λ a3 cos 2ω t + λ³ a5 cos 5ω t + …"; the a3 term should be cos 3ωt.
  • p. 11 Classical Ansatz after ẍ + ω0²x + λx³ = 0
    x = a1 cos ω t + λ a3 cos 2ω t + λ3 a5 cos 5ω t + …
  • p. 12 Quantum Ansatz
    λ a (n, n – 3) cos ω (n, n – 3) t
  • p. 11 cubic anharmonic Ansatz
    λ a3 cos 2ω t + λ3 a5 cos 5ω t
  • p. 11 Classical Ansatz for x''+ω0²x+λx³=0
    λ a3 cos 2ω t

Judge's note: Page 11 image shows 'λ a3 cos 2ωt'. The series runs over odd harmonics (a1, a3, a5 with cos ωt, cos 5ωt), and the quantum Ansatz on p. 12, stated to be analogous, has λ a(n,n−3) cos ω(n,n−3)t. The λ³ on the a5 term is judged separately in C020.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Same Ansatz: the fifth-harmonic term is printed "λ³ a5 cos 5ω t"; the sequence 1, λ, … calls for λ².
  • p. 11 Classical Ansatz after ẍ + ω0²x + λx³ = 0
    λ3 a5 cos 5ω t

Judge's note: Page 11 image shows a superscript 3 on λ. For a λx³ perturbation each further odd harmonic enters one order of λ higher (a1 at λ⁰, a3 at λ¹, a5 at λ²). The earlier Ansatz on p. 9 uses λ^(τ−1) per harmonic step, and the a are said to begin with λ-free terms. Kept separate from C019, which covers the cos 2ωt slip in the same line.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (24): the first-order term is printed "λ · 2nh / (8π ω0² m)", but the energy (27) with the stated relation ω(n,n−1)/2π = (1/h)[W(n) − W(n−1)] gives 3nh / (8π ω0² m).
  • p. 12 Eq. (24)
    ω (n, n – 1) = ω0 + λ ⋅ 2nh / (8π ω0² m)
  • p. 12 Eq. (27), λ term
    3(n² + n + ½)h² / (8 ⋅ 4π² ω0² ⋅ m)
  • p. 12 Eq. (24), λ term
    2nh
  • p. 12 Eq. (27), λ term
    3(n² + n + ½) h²

Judge's note: Page 12 image shows numerator 2nh in (24). Reworked: the λ term of (27) is 3(n²+n+½)h²/(32π²ω0²m); W(n)−W(n−1) = 3·2n·h²/(32π²ω0²m); times 2π/h gives 3nh/(8πω0²m). The λ² term checks: 17(3n²−3n+1) + (51/2)(2n−1) + 59/2 = 51n²+21 = 3(17n²+7), and 2π/(512π³) = 1/(256π²), which matches (24). So only the first-order numerator disagrees, and the text explicitly ties (27) to (24). Eq. (25) also carries 3nh.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (25) for a(n, n−1) ends with a trailing term "− λ² ⋅ 3h² / (256 ω0⁵ m² π²)" outside the bracket; it is identical to the λ² prefactor of the frequency in (24) and has the dimension of a frequency, not a length.
  • p. 12 Eq. (25)
    − λ2 ⋅ 3h² / (256 ω0⁵ m² π²) ,
  • p. 12 Eq. (25), trailing term
    − λ² ⋅ 3h² / (256 ω0⁵ m² π²)
  • p. 12 sentence before Eq. (24)
    up to the approximation λ2 (λ, resp.)

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 12 image shows the term after the closing bracket of (25). Dimensions reworked: from ẍ ~ λx³, [λ] = L⁻²T⁻²; [h/m] = L²T⁻¹; so [λ²h²/(ω0⁵m²)] = L⁻⁴T⁻⁴·L⁴T⁻²·T⁵ = T⁻¹, while a(n,n−1) is a length. The in-bracket term λ·3nh/(16πω0³m) is dimensionless, as it should be. The trailing term has no n-dependence, the bracket already ends in '+ ⋯', and the text says a is taken only to order λ ('λ² (λ, resp.)'). It appears to be a duplicated fragment of (24); the authors or translator should confirm it is to be deleted.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (33), second line: "½ a0² = b1 b−1" is inconsistent with eq. (31) and with the solutions on p. 15, which give ¼ a0² = b1 b−1.
  • p. 14 Eq. (33), second line
    ½ a0² = b1 b−1
  • p. 14 Eq. (31)
    ½ a (n, n – 1; m, m) a (n − 1, n – 2; m, m)

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 14 image shows ½ on the second line of (33). Reworked: the classical limit of (31) is ½a0·a0 = b−1b1 + b1b−1 = 2b1b−1, i.e. a0²/4 = b1b−1. Check against the p. 15 solutions at large n: a0² ≈ a²(n+m)(n−m)/n², b1² ≈ a²(n+m)²/(4n²), b−1² ≈ a²(n−m)²/(4n²), so b1b−1 = a²(n²−m²)/(4n²) = a0²/4. Concrete case n=10, m=6 with a=1 in the large-n forms: a0² = 0.64, b1b−1 = 16·4/400 = 0.16 = a0²/4, not a0²/2. The first line of (33) does hold with the same values (0.32 + 0.64 + 0.04 = 1), so a different normalisation of b does not explain it.

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (33), third line: "2π m (b²₊₁ − b²₋₁) = (m + const)h" lacks the frequency factor ω that appears on each b² term in its quantum counterpart (32).
  • p. 14 Eq. (33), third line
    2π m (b²+1 − b²−1) = (m + const)h
  • p. 14 Eq. (32)
    2π m {b2 (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) ω (n, n – 1) − b2 (n, n – 1; m – 1, m) ω (n, n – 1)}

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 14 image shows (32) with ω(n,n−1) multiplying both b² terms and the third line of (33) without any ω. Dimensions: [2π·m·b²] = M·L², while [h] = M·L²·T⁻¹, so a factor of frequency is needed for the classical relation to correspond to (32). The same line writes b₊₁ where the other lines of (33) and the following sentence write b1 (cosmetic).

Second check: another model agreed

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Substance Eq. (30), second line, middle term is printed "b2 (n – 1, n; m – 1, m)"; the neighbouring terms on that line are a²(n+1, n; m, m) and b²(n+1, n; m+1, m), so the index pair should read (n+1, n).
  • p. 14 Eq. (30), second line
    b2 (n – 1, n; m – 1, m)

Judge's note: Viewed the crop and full page 14. The first line of (30) carries the three (n, n−1) terms and the second line the three upward-neighbour terms; two of those are printed with (n+1, n) and the middle one with (n−1, n). Every other amplitude on pages 14-15 is written with the larger n first. Read as the reversed form of b(n, n−1; ...), the term would duplicate a first-line contribution and leave the n+1 set incomplete. I judge it an index misprint with an evident fix.

Second check: another model agreed

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Reference or label The legend on p. 2 defines the distance with a Fraktur t ("e means the charge of the electron, 𝔱 means the distance from the electron to the reference point"), but the formulas use r / Fraktur 𝔯.
  • p. 2 §1, parenthetical legend after the radiation formulas
    t means the distance from the electron to the reference point

Judge's note: Viewed the crop and the full page. The legend glyph is a Fraktur t, visibly different from the Fraktur r in [𝔯[𝔯 v̇]] and the italic r in the denominators. No t appears in the formulas, and r is left undefined. Evident fix: 𝔯 (or r).

Second check: another model agreed

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Reference or label Latin a is printed where the index α is meant: p. 3 "functions of the two variables n and a"; p. 9 "and thus for ν ≫ ν (n, n + a):"; p. 7 exponent of eq. (13) and of the next line, "e^{i a ω_n t}".
  • p. 3 Paragraph before eq. (1)
    the two variables n and a
  • p. 9 Between the first and second M formulas
    and thus for ν ≫ ν (n, n + a):
  • p. 9 condition before second M formula
    ν (n, n + a)
  • p. 7 Eq. (13), exponent
    i a ωn t

Judge's note: On pp. 3 and 9 the glyph is an italic Latin a, clearly different from the α in the adjacent formulas (crop C005-b). In eq. (13) on p. 7 the exponent is small on the image, but it reads a rather than α, and the text layer gives "i a"; the derivative line has the prefactor iαω_n, so α is meant. The letter a is also the amplitude symbol on pp. 7–9, so the slip is confusing.

Second check: another model agreed

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Reference or label Eq. (3) has the summation index as the subscript on its left-hand side: "𝔅α (n) e^{i ω (n) βt} = Σ_α 𝔄α 𝔄β−α …"; the free index is β, as in eq. (5) "𝔅β (n)". Eq. (7) likewise has "𝔅α (n, n − β)" on the left with α summed on the right.
  • p. 4 Eq. (3)
    Bα (n) ei ω (n) βt =
  • p. 4 Eq. (5)
    Bβ (n) e iω(n)βt
  • p. 4 Eq. (3), left-hand side
    Bα (n) ei ω (n) βt
  • p. 4 Eq. (5)
    Bβ (n)

Judge's note: On p. 4, eq. (3) has 𝔅_α(n) on the left while α runs from −∞ to +∞ on the right and the exponent on the left is ω(n)βt; eq. (5) writes 𝔅_β(n). On p. 5, eq. (7) has 𝔅_α(n,n−β) on the left with α summed on the right. A summed index cannot label the result. Fix: 𝔅_β(n) in (3); drop the subscript (or use β) in (7).

Second check: another model agreed

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Reference or label The classical Ansatz on p. 9, "x = λ a0 + a1 cos ω t + λ a0 cos 2ω t + λ2 a3 cos 3ω t + …", labels the cos 2ωt coefficient a0 instead of a2. The quantum list on the same page ends with "λ^{τ−1} a (n, n − 1) cos ω(n, n − 1) t", where a(n, n−τ) cos ω(n, n−τ)t is meant.
  • p. 9 Ansatz after eq. (17)
    x = λ a0 + a1 cos ω t + λ a0 cos 2ω t + λ2 a3 cos 3ω t
  • p. 10 Eq. (18), third line
    (−4ω² + ω0²) a2 (n)
  • p. 9 §3 Ansatz
    λ a0 cos 2ω t

Judge's note: The p. 9 image shows a0 both as the constant term and as the cos 2ωt coefficient. Eq. (18) on p. 10 uses a2(n) in the (−4ω²+ω0²) line, and the sequence a1, a3, …, a_τ implies a2. The general quantum term repeats the indices (n, n−1) although it carries λ^{τ−1}; the pattern requires (n, n−τ). Both are subscript/index slips with evident fixes.

Second check: another model agreed

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11 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Reference or label Rotator paragraph, p. 13: "From (12), the “quantum condition” (16) implies that: h = d/dn (2π m a² ω), and from (16):"; (16) is attached to the derivative form, which is the classical condition (15) derived from (12), and is then cited again for the difference form.
  • p. 13 rotator paragraph
    From (12), the “quantum condition” (16) implies that:
  • p. 13 next line
    and from (16):
  • p. 13 rotator paragraph
    From (12), the “quantum condition” (16) implies that: h = d/dn (2π m a² ω), and from (16):

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 13 image shows the sentence as quoted. On p. 7, the derivative form h = 2πm Σ α d/dn(αω|a|²) is eq. (15), derived from the phase integral (12)/(14); on p. 8, eq. (16) is the difference form. So the first '(16)' is a stray or misplaced pointer: as printed, (16) is cited for two different formulas and the following 'in both cases' contrasts (16) with itself. The likely intended sense is 'the quantum condition says, from (12): … and from (16): …', but the authors or translator should confirm whether the first pointer is to be deleted or changed to (15).

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording Two-argument quantum amplitudes carry redundant classical-style subscripts in some formulas (p. 4 "𝔄α (n¸ n − α) e^{i ω (n, n − α) t}"; eq. (10) "𝔄α (n, n−α) 𝔄β (n−α, n−α−β) 𝔄γ−α−β (n−α−β, n−γ)"; p. 6 "𝔄α (n, n−α) 𝔅(n−α, n−β)") but not in eqs. (1), (7) right-hand side, and (8). The p. 4 display also has a stray mark in place of the comma ("n¸").
  • p. 4 Display after eq. (2a)
    Aα (n¸ n − α) ei ω (n, n − α) t
  • p. 5 Eq. (10)
    Aα (n, n−α) Aβ (n−α, n−α−β) Aγ−α−β (n−α−β, n−γ)
  • p. 6 Quantum-theoretical product formula
    Aα (n, n−α) B(n−α, n−β)

Judge's note: Pages 4, 5 and 6 viewed; the subscripts are present as described, and on p. 6 the 𝔄 has one while the 𝔅 in the same product has none. They are redundant, not contradictory, so the meaning is recoverable. Notational inconsistency plus a cosmetic stray glyph on p. 4.

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording After Eq. (33): "suffice to establish the a, b1, b−1 uniquely"; the unknowns in (33) are a0, b1, b−1, while plain a is the fixed radius in x² + y² + z² = a².
  • p. 14 sentence after Eq. (33)
    suffice to establish the a, b1, b−1 uniquely

Judge's note: Viewed the crop and full page 14. Eq. (33) is written in a0, b1, b−1 with a² on the right-hand side as the given constant. The sentence that follows drops the subscript 0, so it names the constant instead of the unknown. A subscript slip with an evident fix (a0); the equations themselves are unaffected.

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Typo The surname Kramers is printed as the possessive "Kramer’s" ("Kramer’s dispersion theory" on p. 2; "Kramer’s dispersion theory", "Kramer’s dispersion formulas", "Kramer’s dispersion theory" on p. 8), while p. 9 has "Kramers’s theory" and the footnotes have "H. A. Kramers".
  • p. 2 First paragraph
    Kramer’s dispersion theory (1)
  • p. 8 First paragraph
    connected with Kramer’s dispersion theory
  • p. 8 Paragraph 'Nonetheless…'
    Kramer’s dispersion formulas
  • p. 8 Last paragraph
    between Kramer’s dispersion theory and our equations

Judge's note: Pages 2, 8 and 9 viewed. Bold "Kramer" followed by ’s occurs once on p. 2 and three times on p. 8. The paper's own footnote 1 (p. 2), "Kramers and Born" (p. 8) and "Kramers’s" (p. 9) show the name ends in s. Internal inconsistency; misspelling.

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Typo Grammar slips: p. 2 "If one is given quantum-theoretical quantity that enters" (missing article); p. 3 "the phase also have a well-defined meaning" (subject–verb disagreement).
  • p. 2 Last paragraph of the page
    If one is given quantum-theoretical quantity that enters
  • p. 3 Last paragraph
    the phase also have a well-defined meaning

Judge's note: Both phrases read as quoted on the page images of pp. 2 and 3. Cosmetic.

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Typo Copy-editing slips: p. 12 "as a perturbation terms to the harmonic oscillator", "comes once more to the precisely the result (27), which seems to be to be a"; p. 5 "have just a great a physical meaning", "in analogy with then ones"; p. 2 "If one is given quantum-theoretical quantity".
  • p. 12 Paragraph after eq. (27)
    as a perturbation terms to the harmonic oscillator
  • p. 12 Paragraph after eq. (27)
    comes once more to the precisely the result (27), which seems to be to be a
  • p. 12 paragraph after Eq. (27)
    to the precisely the result (27), which seems to be to be a
  • p. 12 paragraph after Eq. (27)
    as a perturbation terms

Judge's note: The p. 12 and p. 5 items were read on the page images. The p. 2 item ('If one is given quantum-theoretical quantity', missing article) was found in the text layer only. The p. 3 item ('the phase also have') was not located by my text search and the page was not opened, so it is not verified here. All are cosmetic.

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Typo On p. 7, "none of the functions x (n, f) can be defined" should read x (n, t), the function of eq. (2a).
  • p. 7 First paragraph
    none of the functions x (n, f) can be defined
  • p. 7 first paragraph
    none of the functions x (n, f)
  • p. 3 after (2)
    functions of the two variables n and a

Judge's note: The p. 7 image shows an italic f as the second argument, and the text layer agrees. The function discussed 'above' is x(n,t) in eq. (2a) on p. 4; f is the force function of eq. (11). The 'n and a' location on p. 3 is covered in C005.

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Typo Typos on p. 5: "have just a great a physical meaning" (for 'just as great a') and "in analogy with then ones in the classical theory" (for 'the ones').
  • p. 5 Paragraph after eq. (8)
    have just a great a physical meaning
  • p. 5 Paragraph after eq. (8)
    in analogy with then ones in the classical theory

Judge's note: Both phrases read as quoted on the p. 5 image, in the paragraph after eq. (8). Cosmetic.

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Typo Classical Ansatz after eq. (17): the last term is set as "+ λτ⁻¹ a_τ cos τ ω t" with τ on the baseline and only −1 raised, instead of λ^(τ−1).
  • p. 9 Classical Ansatz after eq. (17), last term
    + λτ−1 aτ cos τ ω t

Judge's note: On the page 9 image the τ sits on the baseline next to λ with only '−1' as a superscript. The quantum Ansatz two lines below sets λ^(τ−1) correctly. Typesetting slip, not an extraction artefact.

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Typo The solution line "b (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) = a √[(n+m+1)(n+m) / 4(n+½)n]" is printed twice, as the last display on p. 14 and again as the second display on p. 15.
  • p. 14 Last display
    b (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) = a √[(n+m+1)(n+m) / 4(n+½)n]
  • p. 15 Second display
    b (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) = a √[(n+m+1)(n+m) / 4(n+½)n]
  • p. 14 last displayed formula
    b (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) =
  • p. 15 second displayed formula
    b (n, n – 1; m, m – 1) =

Judge's note: Viewed full pages 14 and 15. The two displays have identical indices and identical right-hand sides. The solution has three distinct amplitudes: b(...; m, m−1), b(...; m−1, m) and a(...; m, m); all three are present, so the fourth line is a pure repetition and nothing is missing. Cosmetic duplication.

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Typo p. 15: "However, one not simply accept that these expressions represent the only solution of (30), (31), (32)" is missing a word (e.g. "cannot").
  • p. 15 Paragraph after the solution formulas
    However, one not simply accept that these expressions
  • p. 15 paragraph after the solution formulas
    However, one not simply accept that these expressions represent the only solution

Judge's note: Viewed full page 15. The sentence is printed exactly as quoted, with no modal verb between "one" and "not". A missing-word typo.

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