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The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce Framework for Analyzing Next-Generation DNA Sequencing Data

Genome Research, 2010 · paper · Biomedicine

Presents the Genome Analysis Toolkit, a programming framework using the MapReduce approach to ease writing efficient analysis tools for next-generation sequencing data. Example tools include coverage calculators and SNP calling, and it is used in large sequencing projects.

Checked: PDF from europepmc.org, fetched 4 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.

3 findings

Reference or label "this calculation requires 863 min to process the 247,249,719 million loci of chromosome 1": the word "million" is spurious after a full integer count.
  • p. 5 Results, Simple Bayesian genotyper, left column, last paragraph
    247,249,719 million loci

Judge's note: Page 5 image prints "247,249,719 million loci"; it is not an extraction artefact. The number is written out in full with thousands separators, so "million" multiplies it by 10^6. A full nine-digit integer followed by "million" is self-evidently a unit slip; the fix is to delete "million" or write "247 million".

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording Methods: "Shared memory parallel processing jobs were executed on an AMD Opteron 16 processor server"; Figure 5A annotation: "*No shared memory machines available with more than 12 processors".
  • p. 4 Methods, Data collection and processing (end)
    were executed on an AMD Opteron 16 processor server with 128
  • p. 6 Figure 5, annotation in panel A
    *No shared memory machines available with more than 12 processors

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 4 image shows the methods sentence (16-processor server). Page 6 image shows the Figure 5A annotation, with the shared-memory series ending at 12 processors. I found no statement in the text reconciling the two (for example, reserved cores or a different benchmark machine). Only the authors can say which is right.

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording "This computation is used to derive the prior probability each of the possible 10 diploid genotypes, using the Bayesian formulation": the quantity derived is the posterior p(G|D), and "of" is missing.
  • p. 5 Simple Bayesian genotyper, paragraph beginning "In brief"
    This computation is used to derive the
  • p. 5 same paragraph, continuation
    prior probability each of the possible 10
  • p. 5 Simple Bayesian genotyper, paragraph beginning 'In brief'
    This computation is used to derive the prior probability each of the possible 10
  • p. 5 Bayesian genotyper description
    derive the prior probability each of the possible 10

Judge's note: Page 5 image confirms the wording. The preceding sentence says the genotyper "computes the posterior probability of each genotype"; the equation that follows is p(G|D) = p(G)p(D|G)/p(D); and the text then defines p(G) as "the prior probability of seeing this genotype". Calling the Bayes-derived quantity the prior contradicts the paper's own definitions. "probability each of" also lacks "of".

Second check: another model agreed

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11 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Wording Figure 4 legend: "given the pileup of reference bases at the current locus, and emits a call containing the likelihoods for each of the 10 possible genotypes"; the code uses the read-base pileup and returns a SimpleCall built from location, best genotype, a LOD difference and the reference base.
  • p. 5 Figure 4 legend
    given the pileup of reference bases at the current locus, and emits a call
  • p. 5 Figure 4 legend
    containing the likelihoods for each of the 10 possible genotypes
  • p. 5 Figure 4 code
    likelihoods[sortedList[9]] - likelihoods[sortedList[8]],
  • p. 5 Figure 4 caption
    given the pileup of reference bases at the current locus

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Page 5 image, Figure 4 code: "ReadBackedPileup pileup = context.getBasePileup()" and "return new SimpleCall(context.getLocation(), GENOTYPE.values()[sortedList[9]].toString(), likelihoods[sortedList[9]] - likelihoods[sortedList[8]], ref.getBase())". The body text defines D as "the read base pileup at this reference base". So "pileup of reference bases" misdescribes the input, and the constructor arguments shown do not include the ten likelihoods. The SimpleCall class is not shown, so the second point is a query, not a certain error.

Second check: another model agreed

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Typo Abstract prints "the 1000 Genome pilot alone includes nearly five terabases"; the project is "1000 Genomes Project" in the preceding sentence and throughout the paper.
  • p. 1 Abstract, lines 2–3
    Genome pilot alone includes nearly five terabases
  • p. 1 Abstract
    the 1000 Genome pilot alone includes nearly five terabases
  • p. 1 Abstract
    1000 Genome pilot alone

Judge's note: Page 1 image: the abstract prints "1000 Genome pilot" (singular) across a line break, while the same abstract twice prints "1000 Genomes Project". Cosmetic inconsistency in the name.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo Table 1, TraverseLoci: "with its associated read, reference ordered data, and reference base are presented to the analysis walker" uses singular "read" where the text describes "all the reads that span the genomic location".
  • p. 2 Table 1, TraverseLoci row
    with its associated read, reference ordered data, and reference base are

Judge's note: Page 2 image confirms the Table 1 wording. The body text on the same page says the locus traversal presents "all the reads that span the genomic location", and the TraverseLocusWindows row says "the reads". The singular is a slip or shorthand; the meaning is recoverable, so this is a minor consistency point.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "the architecture is sufficiently general to enable such complex assess patterns with a concomitant increase in memory requirements": "assess" should be "access".
  • p. 3 Traversal types, left column
    complex assess patterns with a concomitant increase in memory
  • p. 3 Traversal types, paragraph continued under Figure 1
    complex assess patterns

Judge's note: Page 3 image, left column under Figure 1, prints "complex assess patterns". The paper uses "access patterns" in the abstract, the GATK architecture section and the Discussion. Misspelling.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "p(b|G) = p(b|{A1,A2}) = ½p(b|A1) + ½p(b|A2), when the genotype G = {Aa,A2} is decomposed into its two alleles": the first allele subscript is printed "a" instead of "1".
  • p. 5 Genotyper equations, sentence after p(b|G)
    {Aa,A2}
  • p. 5 Genotyper equations, definition of p(b|G)
    p(b|A1) + 1
  • p. 5 Simple Bayesian genotyper, text after the p(b|G) equation
    {Aa,A2} is decomposed into its two alleles
  • p. 5 p(b|G) definition
    G = {Aa,A2}

Judge's note: Page 5 image: the equation uses A1 and A2, and the next line prints {A_a, A_2} with an italic subscript "a". The typo is in the PDF itself, not the text layer.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "The elapsed time to genotype NA12878s chromosome 1 drops nearly exponentially" and Figure 5 legend "sample NA12878s chromosome 1": possessive apostrophe missing (sample is NA12878).
  • p. 5 Results, right column
    NA12878s chromosome 1 drops nearly exponentially
  • p. 6 Figure 5 legend
    sample NA12878s
  • p. 5 parallelization paragraph
    NA12878s chromosome 1
  • p. 5 text
    drops nearly exponentially

Judge's note: Page 5 and page 6 images both print "NA12878s" with no apostrophe; the sample is named "NA12878" earlier on page 5. Cosmetic. The secondary point, that a roughly 1/N speed-up is described as "nearly exponential", is loose wording and a matter of style; it is not confirmed as a separate defect.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "and thereby reducing the false-rate, can as easily be implemented in the GATK": "false-rate" is missing "positive".
  • p. 6 Results, paragraph under Figure 5
    reducing the false-rate, can as easily be implemented in the GATK
  • p. 6 Results continuation, paragraph before Discussion
    reducing the false-rate

Judge's note: Page 6 image, paragraph under Figure 5, prints "reducing the false-rate". The preceding sentence is about "many false-positive SNP calls", so "false-positive rate" is evidently intended. Dropped word.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "the developers, who can focus their effect on analysis methods": "effect" should be "effort".
  • p. 6 Discussion, first paragraph
    effect on analysis methods
  • p. 6 Discussion, first paragraph
    who can focus their effect on analysis methods

Judge's note: Page 6 image, Discussion first paragraph, prints "focus their effect on analysis methods". Wrong word; "effort" is evidently meant.

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Typo "to routinely process terabases of Illumina, SOLiD, and 454 data, as well processing hundreds of lanes each week": missing "as" ("as well as processing").
  • p. 6 Discussion, right column
    as well
  • p. 6 Discussion, right column, next line
    processing hundreds of lanes each week
  • p. 6 Discussion, right column
    as well processing hundreds of lanes each week

Judge's note: Page 6 image, Discussion right column, prints "as well processing hundreds of lanes each week". Missing word.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo Acknowledgments omit a word: "during the development the Genome Analysis Toolkit" should read "during the development of the Genome Analysis Toolkit".
  • p. 6 Acknowledgments
    during the development the Genome Analysis Toolkit

Judge's note: Viewed the crop of page 6. The Acknowledgments print "who have encouraged and supported us during the development the Genome Analysis Toolkit and have been such enthusiastic early adopters". The word "of" is missing in the page image, so this is not an extraction artefact.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo Grant identifier printed as "(54 HG003067)" has no activity-code letter, whereas the other grant in the same sentence is printed "(U01 HG005208)"; "U54 HG003067" is probably intended.
  • p. 6 Acknowledgments
    (54 HG003067)

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: NIH grant identifiers start with a letter-prefixed activity code, and this grant's code would be U54. The page image prints "Analysis of Genomes grant (54 HG003067)" and, in the same sentence, "(U01 HG005208)", so the missing letter is in the PDF and not an extraction loss. The files do not give the correct prefix, so only the authors can confirm it.

Second check: none (judge only)

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