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The Snowflake Elastic Data Warehouse

Proceedings - ACM-SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, 2016 · paper · Computer science

Describes the design of Snowflake, a cloud data warehouse offered as a pay-as-you-go service, with a multi-cluster, shared-data architecture. It covers elasticity, semi-structured data, time travel and security, and reports running several million queries daily over petabytes.

Checked: PDF from cs.cmu.edu, fetched 4 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.

0 findings

None that passed a second check.

8 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Reference or label The pointer in "Snowflake handles parsing and type inference (cf. Section 4.3.3)" points to 'Optimistic Conversion', but the automated type inference is described in Section 4.3.2 ('Columnar Storage and Processing'). Section 4.3.2 also uses the redundant wording "which (typed) paths are frequently common".
  • p. 7 Section 4.3, third paragraph
    Snowflake handles parsing and type inference (cf. Section 4.3.3)
  • p. 8 Section 4.3.2
    to perform automatic type inference and to determine which (typed) paths are frequently common
  • p. 8
    which (typed) paths are frequently common

Judge's note: On page 7 the pointer reads 4.3.3. On page 8, Section 4.3.2 introduces "a novel automated approach to type inference and columnar storage" and describes "automatic type inference". Section 4.3.3 covers string-to-type conversion at write or read time. That is related, so the pointer is imprecise rather than plainly wrong, which is why this is an observation. 'frequently common' is a minor redundancy (S4) in the same passage.

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording Section 1 says without qualification "Snowflake tolerates node, cluster, and even full data center failures". Section 4.2.1 says that if an entire AZ fails, "all queries running on a given VW of that AZ will fail, and the user needs to actively re-provision the VW in a different AZ", and the authors "accept this one scenario of partial system unavailability".
  • p. 2 Section 1, 'Highly Available' bullet
    Snowflake tolerates node, cluster, and even full data center failures.
  • p. 6 Section 4.2.1, last paragraph
    we today accept this one scenario of partial system unavailability
  • p. 6 Section 4.2.1, last paragraph
    the user needs to actively re-provision the VW in a different AZ

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: I checked both passages on the page images (p2 Highly Available bullet; p6 Section 4.2.1, last paragraph). The storage and Cloud Services layers may well survive an AZ loss, so the intro claim is not false for the whole system. Still, the summary claim is unqualified while the body acknowledges partial unavailability, which needs manual action, for exactly this failure. This is an overstatement in wording, not a factual error.

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording Text says "the overhead of schema-less storage and query processing was around 10% for all but two queries (Q9 and Q17 over SF1000)", but in Figure 4 Q8 shows roughly one-third overhead at both SF100 and SF1000, and several others (e.g. SF1000 Q19, SF100 Q5) appear around 20-30%.
  • p. 9 Section 4.3.4, results paragraph
    query processing was around 10% for all but two queries (Q9 and Q17 over SF1000)
  • p. 8 Figure 4, Q8 bars in both panels
    Figure 4: TPC-H SF100 and SF1000 Performance: Relational vs. Schema-less Row Format
  • p. 9 Section 4.3.4, results paragraph
    the overhead of schema-less storage and query processing was around 10% for all but two queries (Q9 and Q17 over SF1000)

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: I read the Figure 4 bars on page 8 (approximate). Q8 SF100: relational ≈4.1 s vs schema-less ≈5.5 s. Q8 SF1000: ≈30 vs ≈40. SF1000 Q19: ≈19 vs ≈25. SF100 Q5: ≈4.0 vs ≈4.6. Q9 and Q17 at SF1000 are indeed the largest outliers. However, Q8 in particular is well above 'around 10%' in both panels and is not named as an exception. The figure readings are approximate, so this is put as a query on wording.

Second check: another model agreed

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Wording "AWS CloudHSM is a set of hardware security modules (HSMs) that are connected to a virtual private cluster within AWS". The AWS term is Virtual Private Cloud (VPC).
  • p. 10 Section 4.5.3 End-to-End Security
    connected to a virtual private cluster within AWS

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: AWS CloudHSM instances are deployed into a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), and AWS has no 'virtual private cluster' construct. The page 10 image (Section 4.5.3) shows 'virtual private cluster' as quoted.

Second check: another model agreed

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Typo Missing article: "use cases where performance isolation is not big concern." should read "is not a big concern".
  • p. 4 Section 3.2.1, second paragraph
    use cases where performance isolation is not big concern.
  • p. 4 Section 3.2.1, second paragraph
    where performance isolation is not big concern

Judge's note: The page 4 image (Section 3.2.1, second paragraph) shows "is not big concern.)". It is a real typo, not an extraction artefact.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo Ungrammatical phrase: "User accounts are then progressively switched to the new version, at every which point all new queries issued..." should presumably read "at which point".
  • p. 7 Section 4.2.2, second paragraph
    at every which point all new queries issued
  • p. 7 Section 4.2.2, second paragraph
    new version, at every which point all new queries issued

Judge's note: The page 7 image (Section 4.2.2, second paragraph) shows "at every which point" exactly as quoted. It is a copy-editing slip.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo The time-travel example literal "'Mon, 01 May 2015 16:20:00 -0700'::timestamp" pairs 'Mon' with 1 May 2015, which was a Friday.
  • p. 9 Section 4.4, first SQL example
    ’Mon, 01 May 2015 16:20:00 -0700’::timestamp);
  • p. 9 Section 4.4, first SQL example
    'Mon, 01 May 2015 16:20:00 -0700'::timestamp

Only the authors can say what is right here.

Judge's note: Rests on outside knowledge: 1 January 2015 was a Thursday, which makes 1 May 2015 a Friday. The page 9 image shows 'Mon, 01 May 2015'. Days from 1 Jan to 1 May = 31+28+31+30 = 120, and 120 mod 7 = 1, so the date is one weekday after Thursday. This is a cosmetic inconsistency in an illustrative example.

Second check: none (judge only)

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Typo "both for standard SQL and semi-relational extensions" is inconsistent with the paper's term "semi-structured extensions" (e.g. Section 6, page 11).
  • p. 12 Section 6, first paragraph on page
    both for standard SQL and semi-relational extensions
  • p. 11 Section 6, third paragraph
    we had hoped that the semi-structured extensions would prove useful

Judge's note: The page 12 image shows 'semi-relational extensions'. A text search finds 'semi-relational' only here, while 'semi-structured extensions' is used on page 11 and 'semi-structured' throughout. This is probably a slip in terminology, but the intended term cannot be certain.

Second check: none (judge only)

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