Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes
Communications of the ACM, 2016 · paper · Computer science
Recounts lessons learned from building and operating three container-management systems at Google over a decade: Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes. It describes how each influenced the next and how they differ in design.
Checked: PDF from static.googleusercontent.com, fetched 4 Oct 2026. Page numbers are those of that PDF.
0 findings
None that passed a second check.
5 minor (typos and the like; most checked by the judge only)
Typo Inconsistent hyphenation within one phrase: "from machine-oriented to application oriented" (elsewhere "application-oriented").
- p. 5 Second bullet under APPLICATION-ORIENTED INFRASTRUCTURE
from machine-oriented to application oriented
Judge's note: The crop shows "application oriented" at the start of a line with no hyphen, so this is not a line-break artefact. The paper writes "application-oriented" on lines 154, 160, 290 and 310 of the text layer.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo The same field is set in code font first as "ObjectMetadata, Specification" and in the next sentence as "The Object Metadata is the same for all objects". The comma after ObjectMetadata is also set in the code font.
- p. 12 First paragraph, list of basic fields
ObjectMetadata, Specification
- p. 12 Second paragraph, first sentence
The Object Metadata is the same for all objects
Judge's note: The crops show both spellings in monospace font in consecutive sentences, and the comma is in monospace too. This is cosmetic.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo The example role value is quoted as "front end" on p13 ("for a given role (e.g., “front end”)") but as "frontend" on p16 ("such as role (e.g., “frontend”)" and role=frontend).
- p. 13 Replication-controller paragraph
for a given role (e.g., “front end”)
- p. 16 Labels discussion
such as role (e.g., “frontend”)
Judge's note: The crops confirm both spellings. The p13 phrase is plain prose, so either form could be acceptable. It is a minor consistency point.
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo Subject-verb agreement error: "the pods that implements the service" should read "implement".
- p. 18 End of the first paragraph (orphan/adopt example)
the pods that implements the service automatically creates
- p. 18 Be careful with ownership, end of first paragraph
the pods that implements the service
Judge's note: The crop on p18 shows "the replication controller managing the pods that implements the service automatically creates". The relative clause refers to "pods", because the pods implement the service, so the verb should be plural. The main verb "creates" agrees correctly with "controller".
Second check: none (judge only)
Report a problem with this finding
Typo The doctoral degree is abbreviated two ways in the author bios: "He received his Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts" (Burns) and "He received a PhD from UC Berkeley in 2005" (Oppenheimer).
- p. 23 Brendan Burns bio
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts
- p. 24 David Oppenheimer bio
He received a PhD from UC Berkeley in 2005
Judge's note: The crops on p23 and p24 confirm both forms. Both are standard abbreviations, so this is only a house-style consistency point.
Second check: none (judge only)